Лекция: А. НОВОЕ ПЛАТЬЕ ЛУНЫ
Молодой Луне пришла в голову прекрасная мысль: «Почему бы мне не сшить себе новое платье? Я могла быв нем гулять по небу», — и она отправилась к портному.
«Не могли бы вы сшитьмне новое платье? — спросила она. — Но оно должно хорошо сидеть».
«Можете не беспокоиться, — ответил портной. — Оно будет прекрасно сидеть. Вы такая молодая, такая тоненькая. Позвольте мне снять мерку».
Когда он снял мерку, Луна спросила: «Когда мне приходить на примерку?» И он велел ей прийти через неделю.
Однако платье оказалось слишком узким. «Должно быть, я плохо снял мерку, — подумал огорченный портной. — Теперь придется все делать сначала». Он опять снял мерку и велел Луне прийти через десять дней.
Платье снова оказалось узким, да и Луна выглядела теперь совсем иначе. «Неужели я опять ошибся? Или, может быть, она так потолстела? — огорчился портной, снимая мерку в третий раз. Ну, теперь все должно быть в порядке».
Когда Луна пришла опять, это была уже полная луна. «Это безобразие! — завопил портной. — Надо было предупредить меня, что у вас такая неустойчивая фигура. Не стану я для вас работать!» Так Луне пришлось обойтись без нового платья.
B. ПЕРСИКИ
по О. Генри
Это был их медовый месяц. Молодая жена сидела в кресле в своей уютной квартирке и думала, что, вероятно, сейчас все только и говорят об их свадьбе. Свадьба Малыша Мак-Гарри — лучшего боксера Нью-Йорка — была, возможно, самым замечательным событием в жизни их соседей.
«Милый, — сказала она, — я бы, пожалуй, съела персик.» Разве мог Малыш отказать ей? Он даже и не подумал о том, где он может достать персик в самом начале весны. Он должен был найти его. Он, вероятно, забыл, что персик — это дар золотого лета.
Он начал с лавки итальянца на углу, но там были только горы золотых апельсинов. Затем он побежал к своему другу в ночной ресторан. Они, должно быть, едят такие фрукты круглый год. Но ему опять не повезло. Правда, его друг предложил заменить персики на замечательные апельсины из Испании, но Мак-Гарри не хотел об этом и слышать.
«Не может быть, чтобы на Бродвее был недостаток персиков», — подумал Малыш. Неужели чемпион Нью-Йорка не может забыть о сезонах, календарях и климатах? План родился мгновенно. Персики, несомненно, есть в клубе у его врага — Денвера Дика, — и он добудет их любой ценой. Не может быть, чтобы Дик отказал своим богатым клиентам в персиках в марте.
Малыш ворвался в клуб вместе с полицейскими, которые давно мечтали заполучить Денвера Дика и его клиентов. Как только Дик увидел Малыша, они начали драться, но малыш должен был победить: ведь его ждала самая красивая девушка в мире. И он победил. Но нашел только один случайно оставшийся персик. Счастливый малыш помчался домой. Он заскочил в аптеку почистить костюм. Аптекарь испугался:
-Вы, должно быть, упали с небоскреба, — сказал он.
Она ждала его. А он, довольный победой, вкладывает в ее руку персик.
-Разве я просила персик? Я бы гораздо охотнее съела апельсин.
Exercise. Determine the meaning of the modal verb «may». Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. May I ask what you intend to do? 2. «I may have one or two people coming in tomorrow evening,» she said. «Why not join us?» 3. Fashions change so quickly nowadays: they may have altered by the time you get upstairs. 4. He looked embarrassed, and it occurred to me that he might have been listening at the door. 5. You might be more considerate to your parents who always think of your well-being. 6. He asked if he might bring his younger brother to the party. 7. You might have warned us that the dog was dangerous. 8. I'm sure the film will be dull — we might just as well stay at home. 9. Whatever else I may be, I am not a fool. 10.1 can't say I remember noticing the box — but, of course, it may have been there all the time. 11. «Okay,» Vivian said, «I might be a little late but not much.» 12. «You may come tomorrow a little later,» she said graciously. 13.1 am certain she did not want to snub you; she may not have seen you in the crowd. 14. You may not go boating — it's too windy. 15. You may call me Dolly if you like, but you mustn't call me child. 16. Don't worry; the telegramme may come tomorrow. 17. Charles may have been at the club all this time. 18. The boys may have been playing tennis since lunchtime. 19. It occurred to him that his hostess might be entertaining the guests in the garden. 20. Let me tell you my story, and by that time, you see, you may have made up your mind. 21. Fix your mind not on what you may have done long ago to hurt but on what you can do now to help. 22. You may be sure Rivarez has heard nothing of Grassiny's disapproval. He might have guessed it, though; he's sharp enough.
Exercise. Change the following sentences to express uncertainty using the modal verb «may» and the proper form of the infinitive. Follow the model.
Model: Perhaps (maybe) he is (not) having dinner. He may (might) (not) be having dinner.
A. 1. Perhaps Bess is making tea in the kitchen. 2. Maybe Paul sees him very often. 3. Maybe they are still having a holiday. 4. Perhaps his daughter is not studying in a teacher training college. 5. Maybe the doctor is examining the patient now. 6. Perhaps the manager is not busy. 7. Perhaps they are trying to persuade Jim to join the expedition. 8. Perhaps Sam is telling his friends about his adventures in the North. 9. Maybe Nancy is waiting for you in the hall. 10. Perhaps they are not taking part in the amateur theatricals. 11. Maybe Anne likes detective stories. 12. «Perhaps the thing is radio-active. Perhaps it is dangerous.» George was breathless.
B. 1. Perhaps the film will have a happy end. 2. Maybe he will not tell you the truth. 3. Maybe Jane will forgive him. 4. Perhaps the test will not be so difficult next time. 5. Maybe the Palmers will stay at home on Sunday. 6. Maybe the weather will not change for the worse. 7. Perhaps we shall get tickets for the play. 8. Maybe his parents will allow him to keep the dog. 9. We have quite a few noteworthy places of interest about the town that perhaps will interest you.
C. 1. Perhaps your neighbours have left the town. 2. Maybe Sam hasn't made an appointment with the dentist.3. Perhaps everybody has agreed to the plan. 4. Maybe they didn't send him a letter. 5. Maybe the situation has changed. 6. Perhaps they have bought a new coat for the boy. 7. Perhaps the old man has lost his way. 8. Maybe the text was not difficult. 9. Perhaps she was rude to him. 10. Maybe the tape recorder was out of order. 11. Meanwhile he wrote a film-script for an English company; perhaps it was a suitable film for Annabel, but the company put another actress in the part.
D. 1. Maybe the students have not been studying French long. 2. Maybe they have been staying at the hotel for more than a week. 3. Perhaps he has not been here long. 4. Perhaps Mr. Parker has been working in the garden since morning. 5. Perhaps Uncle Tom has been having a nap since lunch-time. 6. Perhaps he hasn't seen her since last spring. 7. Perhaps the child has been listening to our talk all the time. 8. Perhaps Jack has been collecting stamps for several years. 9. Maybe the boy has been delivering the papers since five o'clock. 10. Perhaps they have been watching television all evening.
Exercise. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.
1. He thought that Jack might still (to be) in his office. 2. Brown was not feeling particularly happy that morning, and this may (to be) the reason that he was glad of Mass' company. 3. I don't mind admitting that if she gets herself unpleasantly talked about it might (to have) some effect on the takings. 4. Arthur may (to run away) from home and (to go) to South America. 5. However badly he may (to behave) in the past, he is still your brother. 6. Then you have no idea why anyone might (to send) this letter? 7. He is one of those ageless unchanging men on the farther side of fifty, who might (to be).thirty, who might (to be) anything. 8. Mr. Ackroyd himself might (to admit) the stranger. 9. He may (not to sleep) since 9 o'clock. 10. He was of the opinion that the rivalry of the two ladies might (to breed) a quarrel between them. 11. She may (to know) Henry since her university days. 12. «You might (to spare) me that scene,» she said. 13. They may (to wait) for you downstairs. 14. It's always tricky to go nosing around in waters where there may (to be) a nuclear explosion. Especially submerged. You never really know what you may (to run) into. You may (to tangle) with a sinken ship you didn't know was there. You've got to go in carefully and watch your step. 15. «If you want to know where Eliza is, she is upstairs.» «But I think you might (to tell) us this half an hour ago.» 16. «Where are the two ladies that were here?» «They walked to the bus when the rain stopped.» «They might (to wait) for me. Left me with a cab on my hands!»
Exercise. Answer the following questions using the modal verb «may». The expressions in brackets may provide cues for your answers.
Model: Why does he look so pale? (to be ill) He may (might) be ill.
1. Why are there so many people on the platform? (to wait for the next train) 2. Why is John so busy? (to read for his examinations) 3. Why is he so tired? (to work in the garden) 4. Why doesn't Oscar want to see the film? (not to like detective stories) 5. Why doesn't Monica want to eat ice-cream? (to slim) 6. Why has the boy raised his hand? (to want to ask a question) 7. Why do you think Anne made so many spelling mistakes in the last dictation? (to be absent-minded) 8. Why is the child crying? (to hurt himself) 9. Why doesn't the girl want to bathe in the river? (to feel unwell) 10. Why haven't the Parkers arrived yet? (not to find a taxi) 11. Why hasn't Charles phoned us? (not to get our telegramme) 12. Why has he refused to come to the party? (to be busy that day) 13. Why does Madge want to buy a new watch? (to lose her old one)
Exercise. Insert «can» or «may» according to the sense. If both are possible state the difference in meaning. Notice that «may» is used to denote the possibility (chance) that something will happen, or is happening while «can» denotes a more general or «theoretical» kind of possibility.
1. I… do these things sometimes in absence of mind, but surely I don't do them habitually. 2. I will take the furniture and the ghost at a valuation. I came from a modern country, where we have everything that money… buy. 3. Most of all I want you to myself. And you… be more alone in New York than anywhere on earth. 4. I shouldn't mind if it had only happened to me: anything… happen to anybody. 5. If we stay here too long we… not get out. 6. John… go travelling in the Urals next summer. 7. We… discuss it later. 8. Mark… phone today. If he does, I'll invite him to our party. 9. I… fly to Berlin next week. There will be an important conference there.
Exercise. Refer the following sentences to the past. Make the necessary changes.
1. He gazes at him with a chilly loathing which may wound a more sensitive man. 2. «Why doesn't he send to say he is ill?» Martini interrupted. «He might guess we shouldn't leave him stranded in this fashion.» 3. You never think or care what may happen to them or you. 4. What I may do, I may get a job on a ranch or something for a while. 5. I might try my luck with what's on my right. No, not a chance there. 6. She says her husband may be playing chess at the club. 7. By the way, you might use your influence on your husband. 8. «You are not bored, are you?» asked Bill. «You might warn me, anyhow.» 9. Mr. Warburton frowned. «You may be quick to arrange everything as it should be.» 10. You may say it to me now. 11. " I am wondering if I may have a piece of bread." «Of course.» 12. Mr. Smith may be working now. 13. You may come and see her after seven, if you wish. 14. It may easily be Beril's father, he is staying at Woodstock. 15. Martin may be calling up his girl friend. 16. She may be telling Robert about her misfortunes. 17. Roger may not receive a master's degree. 18. He is putting up at the inn at Woodstock, and he asks if he may call on me this afternoon.
Exercise. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Возможно, Майкл не понял, что она обиделась. 2. Может быть, он не уедет завтра. 3. Возможно, она не знает, как много он работает. 4. Возможно, он уже пообедал и ждет вас. 5. Возможно, Питер уехал в другой город совсем по иной причине. 6. Может быть, он уже ждет вас давно. 7. Возможно, она давно уже все поняла. 8. Возможно, они остановились в гостинице и позвонят нам, как только освободятся. 9. Возможно, он не подготовился к экзамену, так как был болен. 10. Возможно, Марта давно учится играть на рояле. 11. Может быть, она печатает на машинке и не слышит звонка. 12. Может быть, Джордж устал, и ему не хотелось никуда идти. 13. Может быть, Анна свободна завтра вечером, тогда пригласи ее к нам в гости. 14. Тише! Возможно, дети еще спят. 15. Вы могли бы быть повнимательнее на уроках. 16. Он мог бы довезти вас на машине: ведь это недалеко. 17. Можно мне позвонить вам завтра вечером? 18. Возможно, они еще не решили, куда ехать летом. 19. Утром у него очень болел зуб, и он, возможно, пошел к зубному врачу. 20. Возможно, Том произвел на вас неблагоприятное впечатление, так как плохо чувствовал себя в тот вечер. 21. Может быть, он довезет нас до станции на машине. 22. Может быть, он не сдержит своего обещания: он человек легкомысленный. 23. Возможно, он не принял вашего приглашения, потому что у них другие планы. 24. Возможно, она объяснит вам, почему она изменила свое решение. 25. Возможно, они не знают вашего номера телефона: ведь он изменился в прошлом году. 26. Может быть, она видела этот фильм; лучше пригласи ее в театр.
Exercise. Translate the following sentences into English. Use the modal verbs «can» and «may».
1. Неужели идет дождь? А я не взяла с собой зонтик. 2. Может быть, он не будет на тебя сердиться за то, что ты не выполнила обещание. Он ведь добрый! 3. Не может быть, чтобы Джон сделал так много ошибок в диктанте: он пишет грамотно. 4. Возможно, он не достал билета на самолет. Может быть, он приедет завтра поездом. 5. Не может быть, чтобы им понравился такой примитивный фильм. 6. Неужели она все еще готовит обед? 7. Возможно, они говорили так тихо, потому что не хотели разбудить ребенка. 8. Неужели они отказались от вашего предложения? 9. Возможно, они проведут все лето в горах. 10. Неужели они не подождали вас? Мы этого от них не ожидали. 11. Может быть, Дуглас уже пришел с работы. Давай позвоним ему. 12. Не может быть, чтобы студенты сделали упражнение неправильно. 13. Может быть, у него какое-то дело в нашем городе и он приехал сюда на несколько дней. 14. Может быть, м-р Блейк еще не спит: сейчас всего десять часов. 15. Вы могли бы посмотреть новые слова в словаре. У вас было много времени. 16. Нельзя выносить книги из читального зала. 17. Посетителям нельзя кормить животных в зоопарке. 18. Вы можете задавать мне столько вопросов, сколько хотите—я на все отвечу. 19. Можно нам прийти на час позже? — К сожалению, нельзя.
Exercise. Open the brackets using the appropriate for m ot the infinitive after the modal verbs «can» and «may». Comment on the meanings they are used in. Speak on the topic raised in the extract.
«Dear Edward, I think we were wise to part. We were too unsuited to one another, and our difficulties could only (to increase). I see that if we had continued to live together our quarrels might (to increase) perpetually. It is horrible to back upon those vulgar brawls. I cannot (to understand) how you could (to utter) such things… Perhaps it might (to be) different if we had had children; they might (to form) between us a truer link, and perhaps in the delight of them 1 could (to forget) my impracticable dreams. But fate was against us… If you had asked me not to go, if you had ever showed the smallest sign of regretting my departure, I think I might (to break down). Yes, I can (to tell) you now that I could (to give) anything to stay. But now the worst is over. I have taken the step and shall adhere to what I have done. I think I had better not see you at all events for some time...» (After W. S. Maugham)
MUST
Exercise. Determine the meaning of the modal verb «must». Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Let's go straight to the hotel. You must be pretty well done up and your aunt and sister are half dead. 2. I tried to feel my heart. It had stopped beating. It must have been there all the time, and must have been beating, but I couldn't feel it. 3. «You mustn't speak to the gentleman like this, girl,» said Mrs. Pierce. 4. The story was boring. She must have told it to him at least six times. 5. Though he must have been thirty-four or thirty-five he looked much younger. 6. You must see her in that play. Absolutely marvelous! 7. «We must turn out early in the morning,» said Edward. 8. «Must I make a clean breast of everything?» «No, I don't think so. With her quick intelligence she will understand.» 9. He must have failed to make good and was afraid to tell it to her frankly. 10. You must have been misunderstood. Everybody knows that you have gained a great deal of valuable experience. 11. It's eleven — they must have been in conference for more than two hours! 12. When we arrived the guests must have been discussing the latest sensation. 13. Lady Bradly said her husband must be waiting for me in the conservatory. 14. Oh, Jack, you must come away at once, before it is too late. 15. Judging by his face he must be furious with the old man. 16. He must have been reading the book when my letter arrived.
Exercise. Change the following sentences using the modal verb «must» to express probability and the appropriate form of the infinitive.
Model: Evidently he is at home. He must be at home.
A. 1. Evidently he is absent-minded. 2. Surely he is working at his lecture now. 3. Probably the subject is too difficult for him. 4. Evidently he is teaching at that college. 5. Evidently she is swimming in the pool. 6. It is probable that Jacob is feeling better. 7. Evidently Mr. Gray is ambitious. 8. Surely the friends are talking about something interesting. 9. Probably Nancy likes sweets. 10. Evidently he is thinking about something sad. 11. Evidently the Leighs are staying at the motel. 12. Probably they are holding an important conference. 13. He is likely to be disappointed with his new work. 14. No doubt they are trying to persuade her. 15. Certainly she is enjoying herself.
B. 1. Certainly it was a funny experience. 2. Of course you saw things more objectively than I did. 3. Probably John called on them last week. 4. Evidently they have been playing bridge all evening. 5. Probably he has been looking up words in the dictionary for the past half hour. 6. Surely the Smiths have known him for ages. 7. Probably he has proposed to Margaret. 8. Evidently Mrs. Palmer has been shoppingallmorning. 9. Surely David had his final examinations last spring. 10. Evidently Ken has taken a vacation. 11. Evidently Monica showed them the slides of their trip. 12. Of course, Mr. Hunter has made good progress in French. 13. Probably he has been working at his book for the past three years.
128. Make the following sentences negative by using the verb «to fail». Follow the model.
Model: Roger must have understood the truth.
Roger must have failed to understand the truth.
1. They must have caught the last train. 2. He must have written the test well. 3. They must have ordered tickets by phone. 4. George must have persuaded them to come. 5. Dick must have got there on time. 6. He must have found out the truth. 7. Jack must have unlocked the door with the key. 8. The boy must have delivered the telegramme. 9. She must have explained her behaviour convincingly. 10. Robert must have pulled himself together.
Exercise. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.
1. Your whole future is concerned: you must (to decide) for yourself. 2. Mary must (to put on) her new dress: I don't see it in the wardrobe. 3. Peter spent his holiday in Brighton; that's where he must (to meet) Barbara. 4. The four o'clock bus must (to fail to arrive) on time; otherwise they would already be here. 5. They must (to discuss) something important when I came. 6. He must (to leave) the town; 1 haven't seen him of late. 7. I have heard you are staying in this hotel and I said to myself: I must (to look) him up. 8. Henry was so gloomy that I thought he must (to fail) his exam. 9. Judging by his paleness he must (to work) too hard now. 10. We must (to ride) in the bus for more than half an hour, and we haven't reached even the suburbs. 11. He must (to live) next door to us for more than a decade, but we only have a nodding acquaintance with him. 12. «People must (to know) things. I consider it my duty to tell them,» said Caroline. 13. You must (to forget) that she married very early. 14. I am sure you must (to know) why he did it. Tell me, I want to know all. 15. Sally must (to talk) on the telephone with a friend. Go on in. She'll be pleased to see you. 16. They must (to have) a holiday for a week now.
130. A. Answer the following questions using the modal verb «must» to express probability in the past. The expressions in brackets may provide cues for your answers.
Model: Why didn't Jane come to your birthday party? (to feel unwell)
She must have felt unwell.
1. Why didn't Bess review the first ten lessons? (to have no time) 2. Why didn't Douglas shave today? (to be in a hurry) 3. Why didn't Professor Morrison take a vacation last year? (to have much work) 4. Why didn't Sue go to bed early last night? (to wash her clothes) 5. Why didn't Mrs. Black buy a new hat? (to be short of money) 6. Why didn't he ask the question? (to feel shy) 7. Why did Michael buy this magazine? (to find an interesting article in it) 8. Why didn't he see a doctor? (to have a slight cold) 9. Why didn't the dentist pull out his bad tooth? (to stop it) 10. Why didn't Herbert take a taxi? (to fail to find one)
B. Answer the following questions using the modal verb «must» to express probability in the present, the past and the future. Make use of the time indicators given In brackets.
Model: When did he paint this picture? (last summer) He must have painted it last summer.
1. When did she take her niece to London? (last week) 2. When did Joan learn French? (in her childhood) 3. Is Aunt Agatha staying with the Browns? (this week) 4. When will Harry return to his studies? (next week) 5. When did Stah repair his car? (yesterday) 6. Is he taking psychology? (this term) 7. When was he offered a new job? (about a month ago) 8. When will Ken visit us? (in winter) 9. When will he be given an opportunity to work there? (next term) 10. When did Susan make friends with the Smiths? (last summer) 11. Is Nicholas studying chemistry at Columbia University? (this year) 12. When did he teach literature? (about ten years ago) 13. When did he discover the truth? (only recently) 14. When will Frank receive a master's degree? (in spring) 15. When did his working day start? (at eight o'clock) 16. When will they leave Brussels? (in August) 17. Is Mary having lunch? (now)
Exercise. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Нужно ли нам сдавать сочинение сегодня?— Нет, не нужно. Вы можете сдать его завтра. 2. Мне нужно подстричься и купить что-нибудь на ужин. 3. «Не уходите. Я должна угостить вас яблочным пирогом»,— сказала м-с Смит. 4. Он, должно быть, не слышал, как в дверь позвонили. 5. Вы, вероятно, спали, когда это произошло. 6. Она, должно быть, задремала и не видела, как он вошел в дом. 7. Очевидно, Генри готовится к вступительным экзаменам в университет. 8. Мальчики, должно быть, играют в футбол с утра. 9. Вероятно, он удивился, увидев ее у Паркеров. 10. Сегодня я должен идти к зубному врачу: мне нужно запломбировать зуб. 11. Очевидно, они вас ждут у входа. 12. Наверное, спектакль будет отменен, так как актриса, играющая главную роль, заболела. 13. Он, должно быть, засомневался в правдивости ее слов, так как начал задавать ей вопросы. 14. Она, вероятно, не увидела его в толпе и поэтому не ответила на его приветствие. 15. Он, должно быть, недоволен результатами эксперимента. 16. Мы должны назначить день и время для собрания. 17. Очевидно, вопрос будет решен завтра. 18. Должно быть, он болен: посмотрите, какой он бледный. 19. Несчастный случай, вероятно, произошел около девяти часов вечера. 20. Наверное, вас неправильно поняли. 21. Это выражение, должно быть, ей незнакомо. Дайте ей словарь. 22. Спросите Сэма — он должен знать все. 23. Вы должны взятьсебя в руки и ответить на вопрос. 24. Должно быть, они не достали билеты на самолет и поедут поездом. 25. Вероятно, он не согласился с Джорджем, и поэтому они поссорились.
Exercise. А. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive after the modal verbs «can», «may», «must» in the following extracts.
1. «He is mad,» said Kemp; «inhuman. He is pure selfishness. He thinks of nothing but his own advantage, hisownsafety. I have listened to such a story this morning ofbrutalself-seeking… He has wounded men. He will kill them unless we can (to prevent) him. He will create panic. Nothingcan(to stop) him. He is going out now — furious!»
«He must (to catch),» said Adye. «That is certain.»
«But how?» cried Kemp. and suddenly became full of ideas. «You must (to begin) at once; you must (to set) every available man to work; you must (to prevent) his leaving this district. Once he gets away he may (to go) through the countryside as he wants, killing and maiming. He dreams of a rain of terror. A rain of terror, i tell you. You must (to set) a watch on trains and roads and shipping. And you must (to prevent) him from eating and sleeping. Food must (to lock up and secure), all food, so that he will have to break his way to it. The houses everywhere must (to bar) against him. Heaven send us cold nights and rain! Unless he is pinned down and secured, it is awful to think of the things that may (to happen).»
«What else can we (to do)?» said Adye. «I must (to go) down at once and (to begin) organizing. You come too.» (They went to the central police station.) «And now, Kemp, what else?» «Dogs,» said Kemp. «Get dogs. They don't see him, but they v/ind him. Get dogs. And on the roads...» Kemp hesitated.—«Yes?» said Adye.—«Powdered glass,» said Kemp. «It's cruel, I know. But think of what he may (to do)!»...
2. In the interim the Invisible Man must (to learn) something of the rapid use Kemp had made of his confidence. He must (to find) houses locked and secured, he may (to loiter) about railway stations (to prowl) about inns, and no doubt he read the proclamations and realized something of the nature of the complaint against him. And as the evening advanced the fields became dotted here and there with groups of three or four men and noisy with the yelping of dogs. These men-hunters had particular instructions as to the way they should support one another. But he avoided them all. We may (to understand) something of his exasperation, and it could (to be) none the less because he himself had supplied the information that was being used so remorselessly against him. For that day at least he lost heart; for nearly twenty-four hours he was a hunted man. In the night he must (to eat and to sleep), for in the morning he was himself again, active, powerful, angry and malignant, prepared for his last great struggle against the world.
3. One wonders what his state of mind may (to be) and what plans he devised. No doubt he was exasperated by Kemp's treachery and though we may (to be able) to understand the motives that led to that deceit, we may still (to imagine), and even (to sympathize) a little with the fury the attempted surprise must (t6«occasion). Perhaps something
of the stunned astonishment of his Oxford Street experience may (to return) to him, for evidently he had counted on Kemp's co-operation.
By two o'clock even, he might still (to remove) himself out of the district by getting aboard a train, but after two that became impossible, every passenger train travelled with locked doors, and the goods traffic was almost entirely suspended.
4. Of course, he must (to drag) this rod out of the fencing before he met his victim — he must (to carry) it ready in his hand. We may (to imagine) that Griffin had taken the rod as a weapon indeed, but without any deliberate intention of using it to murder. Wicksteed may then (to come by and notice) this rod inexplicably moving through the air. Without any thought of the Invisible Man, he may (to pursue) it. It is quite conceivable that he may (not to hear) of the Invisible Man. One can, then, (to imagine) the Invisible Man making off quietly in order to avoid discovering his presence, and Wicksteed, excited and curious, pursuing this moving rod, finally striking at it.
No doubt the Invisible Man could easily (to distance) his middle-aged pursuer under ordinary circumstances, but Wicksteed had the ill-luck to drive him into a corner… The rest of the encounter will be easy to imagine. (After H. Wells}
Exercise. Translate the following sentences into English using the modal verbs „can“, „may“, „must“ where necessary.
1. Говорите громче! Ничего не слышно. 2. Какая изумительная ночь! Мы не могли бы погулять немного? 3. Это ваша лучшая работа. Вам нужно обязательно послать ее на выставку. 4. Ему, должно быть, было девятнадцать лет, когда он ушел из дому. 5. Наконец-то! Я начал думать, что, вероятно, с вами что-то случилось. 6. Вы не смогли бы позвонить мне в следующую среду? 7. Думаю, что я, вероятно, проспал часов семь или восемь. 8. Он мог бы догадаться, что мы не бросим его в беде. 9. Он, по-видимому, догадался, что его присутствие здесь нежелательно. 10. Она могла бы помочь им, но не знала об их затруднениях. 11. Она, наверное, помогала им. 12. Она могла бы помочь им; ведь она видела, что они нуждаются в помощи. 13. Он, возможно, послал бы письмо авиапочтой, но Анна его отговорила. 14. Мы, должно быть, утомили вас. 15. Разве ты не понимаешь, что я даю тебе деньги, чтобы ты что-нибудь купил на них? S6. Она, по-видимому, не любит музыку. 17. Вы, вероятно, недооцениваете важности этого сообщения. 18. Он, возможно, забыл бы о своем обещании прийти, но визитная карточка напомнила ему об этом. 19. Не может быть, чтобы она ушла. 20. Неужели вы слышали, как я вслух читала это письмо? 21. Если бы вы могли подождать, я бы больше ни о чем не просила. 22. Можно мне навестить вас завтра?— Нет, нельзя. 23. Вы могли бы войти не стучась. 24. Разве ты не видишь, что она больна? 25. Сейчас там, по-видимому, нет дождя. 26. В молодости он был очень сильным и мог поднимать тяжести. 27. Она смогла поднять этот чемодан, но сейчас же поставила его. 28. Вы можете выгнать меня, если я не буду делать все, что вы пожелаете.
SHOULD, OUGHT TO
Exercise. Determine the meaning of the modal verbs „should“ and „ought to“. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. There is nothing organically wrong with you, I know that, and my impression is that a few weeks in hospital ought to cure you. 2. What are you doing at this late hour? You ought to be in bed and sleeping. 3. A very queer thing happened to him a year or two ago. You ought to have him tell you about it. 4. „Should we “camp out» or sleep in inns?" 1 asked. 5. It's the physician who decided how long a patient remains in hospital. I think you should have another talk with your wife's physician. 6. «What I need is you.» That is what he ought to have retorted. But he could not say it. 7. You should not have gone to that strange house in the middle of the night. 8. Mary looked at the clock again. «I ought to have gone and packed long ago.» 9. Look into the library. He should be there. 10. «Ask your mother. She ought to know,» he said. 11. He ought not to have tempted fate this time. He had done it too often before. 12. You should have had your car overhauled before the holiday. 13. She should not have been so cross with the boy. It upset him dreadfully. 14. You should have told him the truth, even if you were ashamed of it. 15. «We should be spending the night at a hotel in Makdenhead instead of roughing it here,» Harris grumbled.
Exercise. Change the following sentences to express probability using the modal verbs «should» and «ought».
Model: I look all right with my hat on.
I should (or ought to) look all right with my hat on.
1. This is the horse that will win. 2. My dentist is so busy he can't fit me in the end of the month. 3. They prefer him to do the job. 4. It's a valuable property, but it has suffered from neglect. 5. They dislike referring to that kind of thing. 6. Their way of life is the right one and they insist on criticizing everybody else's. 7. She enjoys all the attention, I think she likes being made a fuss. 8. He is a well-known scientist, so his opinion is reliable. 9. They left early, so they have arrived by now. 10. You are able to learn it in two weeks' time.
Exercise. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.
1. You ought (to put) it out of your mind. It has nothing to do with you. 2. Even if you disliked her at first sight you should (to be) polite. 3. 1 hate the idea, but the publishers think I ought (to photograph) for the new edition. 4. You should (to buy) the evening newspapers at the station; they don't sell them here. 5. He should (to get) back by now. Whatever can have happened to him? 6. The doctor told h m that he ought (to have) long walks and (to go) to bed early 7. I don't know what he is doing now. I think he should (to sleep) as it is already eleven o'clock. 8. Judging by the silence the children ought (to play) some absorbing game. 9. Go to his office; he ought (to be) here since morning. 10. You should (to read) for your examinations now instead of playing football. 11. You should not (to try) to influence him; let him do as he chooses. 12. She ought not (to show) her surprise. It embarrassed them dreadfully. 13. The risk was very small, but whatever it was I think you should (to take) it. 14. You should (to take) my advice and (to go) back home. With your abilities you will find a better job there. 15. You ought (to see) the tie he had on.
Exercise. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Вам следовало выйти на предыдущей остановке. Теперь вам надо вернуться обратно. 2. Не нужно обращать внимание на то, что она говорит — просто она устала и поэтому в плохом настроении. 3. Должно быть, он сидит на скамейке в саду. Он всегда там бывает по вечерам. 4. Спросите о5 этом Нору. Она должна знать. 5. Вы выглядите неважно. Вам не следовало работать над докладом допоздна. 6. Зря вы отказались от предложения поехать туда летом. Я знаю, что это было бы вам интересно. 7. Вам надо было постараться успеть на двенадцатичасовой поезд. Следующий поезд только через три часа. 8. Зря я не пошел с вами на выставку в пятницу. Теперь там всегда много народу. 9. Как вы думаете, следует ли нам поехать на вокзал или лучше ждать его здесь? 10. Вам не следовало выходить на улицу в такую холодную погоду, вы еще не вполне здоровы. 11. Постучите, он должен быть у себя в кабинете. 12. Вам надо было позавтракать, времени еще много. 13. Думаю, что ему следует согласиться на этот план. Это самый лучший выход из положения. 14. Не следует стараться решить все проблемы сразу. 15. Мне не надо было с ним спорить, но я не знал, что он такой обидчивый. 16. Ему следует лежать в постели и принимать прописанные врачом лекарства. 17. Ей следовало взять себя в руки и все объяснить. 18. Сейчас поздно, должно быть, все уже спят. 19. Ему следует взять с собой теплую одежду. Лето может быть холодным. 20. Телеграмму следовало отправить утром; боюсь, что она уже не получит ее. 21. «Тебе следовало сначала сделать уроки, а потом идти играть в футбол»,— сказала мать мальчику. 22. Ей не следовало принимать близко к сердцу шутки ее друзей, они не хотели ее обидеть. 23. Я думаю, что ему следует с ней объясниться. 24. Зря вы так беспокоились. Я был уверен, что все кончится хорошо. 25. Вам следовало поддержать ее, она была не виновата!
Exercise. Make the following sentences emotional by using the verb «should». Be sure to use the appropriate form of the infinitive.
Model: It's strange he is here.
It's strange he should be here.
1. It is curious that his tone of voice is inimitable. 2. It's a shame that his conduct is inexplicable. 3. It is natural that overwork is getting him down. 4. It is very annoying that I am getting so forgetful. 5. It is unusual that she has determined to persevere. 6. It is singular that he has no idea what he's hinting at. 7. It is right that steps were taken to reduce consumption. 8. I regret that she hasn't been able to cope. 9. I am" sorry he has come to no good. 10. It is awful that somebody has taken my ski-sticks. 11. It is wonderful that they soled and heeled your walking shoes yesterday. 12. She is glad that he is being interviewed at this very moment. 13. It is odd that this suggestion was taken up. 14. He expressed his regret that his suit had not been cleaned yet. 15. I wonder why he is cross with you.
TO HAVE TO, TO BE TO
Exercise. Determine the meaning of the modal verbs «to have to», «to be to». Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. I had to watch my step. 2. She asked what her husband said about those cheeses. I replied that he directed they were to be kept in a moist place and that nobody was to touch them. 3. The rain was so sudden, so everybody had to take a taxi. 4. «I want to know on what terms the girl is to be here,» said Mrs. Pierce. «Is she to have any wages and what is to become of her after you've finished your teaching?» 5. The protocols have to be signed right now. 6. He didn't have to hear what Tullis was talking about to know that he was talking about his play and the success it was. 7. It lakes us the best part of an hour to get back home and Theo has to be up at the crack of dawn. 8. It was foolish of her to marry a man so much younger. My only hope is that she won't have to go through as much suffering as she deserves. 9. There is one sort of person who astonishes me. This is the elderly Englishwoman, generally of adequate means who is to be found living alone, up and down the world, in unexpected places. 10. It was an official party. The Trollopes were to have been there, but couldn't come because of the sudden illness of their son Edwin. 11.1 did not know then that he was to become my best friend for many years. 12. Harris and the pie were gone! He could not have tumbled into the river, because we were on the water side of him, and he would have had to climb over us to do it.
Exercise. Change and explain the following sentences as shown In the example.
Model:He was to come in the evening. (not to feel well)
He was to have come in the evening, but he didn't because he didn't feel well.
1. They were to go on a picnic on Saturday, (to rain) 2. Nancy was to go to the dentist that day. (to be detained at the office) 3. They were to ask Roger for dinner, (to leave the town) 4. I was to take part in the competition. (to sprain my ankle) 5. They were to go to the country by car. (to break) 6. They were to get to Detroit by the evening, (to have little petrol left) 7. Professor Simpson was to give us a lecture on French literature yesterday, (to be busy at the university) 8. The tourists were to visit the picture gallery last Thursday. (to be closed) 9. We were to spend the summer at the seaside. (not to be able to book accommodation in a hotel) 10. He was to see me at six. (to have an important meeting)
Exercise. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Им пришлось уйти с концерта, так как они боялись опоздать на последнюю электричку. 2. Мы должны были встретиться у входа в кинотеатр, но она почему-то не пришла. 3. Вам придется подождать немного. Декан сейчас занят. 4. В соответствии с планом вы должны писать курсовую работу на четвертом курсе. 5. Мне не пришлось ей ничего объяснять. Она уже все знала. 6. Строительство дома должно быть закончено к сентябрю. 7. Вы должны встретить туристов в аэропорту и отвезти их в гостиницу. 8. Мне не приходятся тратить много времени на дорогу в институт — я живу рядом. 9. Им было суждено встретиться лишь через двадцать лет. 10. Его можно видеть каждый вечер на стадионе: он регулярно играет в теннис и волейбол. 11. Нам не пришлось стоять в очереди за билетами: мы заказали их по телефону. 12. Сейчас туристы отдыхают, а в пять часов они должны ехать на экскурсию. 13. Завтра мне придется пойти к зубному врачу, я не могу больше это откладывать. 14. Вы должны сообщить нам о вашем решении не позднее двадцатого. 15. Сейчас мне приходится ложиться спать поздно, так как я должен подготовить доклад к пятнице. 16. Все уже готово к приему. Теперь нам только придется подождать гостей: они должны прибыть в семь часов. 17. Так как вы будете уходить последним, вам придется выключить свет и запереть дверь. Ключ вы должны оставить под ковриком у двери. 18. Нам пришлось спать в лодке, так как в ней было теплее, чем на берегу. 19. Хотя завтрак, приготовленный Джорджем, нам не понравился, мы были вынуждены его съесть. 20. Вам придется объяснить ей, почему вы не хотите прийти на вечер. 21. Концерт должен был начаться в семь, а сейчас уже четверть восьмого, и он не начинается. Что-нибудь случилось? 22. Ему приходится тратить много времени на подготовку к занятиям, так как он болел и пропустил много занятий.
SHALL, WILL (WOULD)
Exercise. Determine the meaning of the modal verbs «shall», «will» («would»).
1. People will say anything, won't they, when they want to prove they are right? 2. «There were a great many meteorites,» said Mary to anyone who would listen. «The Earth must just be coming into the summer shower of them.» 3. «Shall I tell you what I think of that man? I think he is slightly sinister,» Madge said. 4. Now, Mr. Cleary, would you search your memory and begin with the very first thing that happened on the morning of the day you met Wissey Jones? 5. «All right, Ben.» said Maxim. «Robert shall take you back home. And no one will put you in the asylum, don't be afraid.» 6. «Would you say you were a fulfilled person?» Norman asked. 7. «The English have no respect for their language, and will not teach their children to speak it,» wrote B. Shaw. 8. «What a doctor wants,» I said, «is practice. He shall get me. He will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred of ordinary patients with only one or two diseases each.» 9. Can I use your pen? Mine won't write. 10. The old man did his utmost to show her the folly of her course. But she would not be persuaded. 11. The next morning we would read that it was going to be a «warm, fine to set—fair day; much heat», and we would dress ourselves in flimsy things, and go out, and, half an hour after we had started, it would commence to rain hard, and a bitterly cold wind would spring up, and both would keep steadily for the whole day, and we would come home with colds and rheumatism all over us, and go to bed. 12. «Shall Ivor take the car?» she asked. 13. They will sit silently without exchanging a single word. 14. «Will you do me a favour?» she asked imploringly. 15. If you will stay, I'll run up and telephone your son about it. 16. Julio Moreno would sit for hours in silence on the day when the wind blew continuously from the sea.
Exercise. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs «shall» or «will» («would»). Use the negative form wherever indicated.
1. I tried to persuade him to return to the village as it was dangerous to remain in the jungle after nightfall, but he… not listen to what I said. 2. Every night whether it was early or late he… go into his mother's bedroom and tell her about the interesting things that had happened to him during the day. 3. «What… we do?» she asked. «The door… not open. It is evidently locked. Where… we spend the night?» 4. «Boys… be boys,» the old lady said with a sigh. 5. The tea is hot and strong. Or… you prefer to have a cup of coffee? 6. "… you wait in the library, sir? Sir Reginald will be down in a few minutes," said the secretary, a young man of about twenty-five whose face was half-hidden behind huge hornrimmed spectacles. 7. Whenever an emergency arises Dr. Ross… take charge and things… settle satisfactory. 8. "… you mind my smoking here?" the new passenger asked. But nobody… answer his polite question. 9. "… you please step into the room, sir? The manager would like to have a talk with you," the clerk said to Albert Foreman. 10. «You… not behave like this in the presence of my guests,» his father said angrily. «You… stay in your room and you… not come out until all of them have left.» 11. She promised him a dollar for carrying her baggage and then… not pay. 12. ...we get started, gentlemen? 13. We should be so grateful to you, if you… find us a taxi. 14. «Come at once,» he said. «I can't explain it on the telephone, but you… hear everything directly from me.»
Exercise. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. «Вы ответите за это»,— сказал он с угрозой в голосе. 2. Открыть окно? Здесь очень душно. 3. Вы пойдете и скажете ей всю правду. 4. Вы не против того, чтобы посидеть в саду? Там прохладнее. 5. Давайте послушаем музыку, у меня много прекрасных записей. А может быть, вы предпочли бы пойти куда-нибудь? 6. Она часами сидела на берегу и смотрела, как волны набегали на берег. 7. «Потанцуем?» — сказал он, подходя к ней. 8. Что нам делать? Куда нам идти? Ведь уже очень поздно. 9. Если вы придете к нам на вечер, мы будем очень рады видеть вас. 10. Вы ей передадите, что я приходил и что мне нужно поговорить с ней? 11. Дверь никак не открывается, должно быть, замок не в порядке. 12. Собака не позволяла нам погладить ее, хотя мы кормили ее уже несколько дней. 13. Мы все пытаемся ей помочь, но она никого не слушает. 14. Вы сделаете то, о чем я вас прошу? 15. Мы ждали уже больше часа, но гроза никак не прекращалась. 16. По вечерам он рассказывал нам интересные истории о путешествиях и пиратах. 17. Ты знал, что мне не нравится, когда ты ходишь к этим людям, и все же ты ходил туда. 18. Пойдем в кино? Мне хочется посмотреть новую комедию. 19. Ты хочешь посмотреть телевизор? Я бы предпочел поиграть с тобой в шахматы. 20. Мы ждали мою двоюродную сестру и ее мужа, чтобы сесть за стол, но они никак не приходили. 21. «Ты знаешь, что я против того, чтобы ты приходил домой поздно, идее же ты приходишь не раньше двенадцати часов»,— сказала мать сыну.
Exercise. Fill in the blanks with the modal verb «will» («would») to express repeated actions.
Throughout the trip the dog had manifested great curiosity concerning the kettle. He… sit and watch it, as it boiled, with a puzzled expression, and… try and rouse it by growling at it. When it began to splutter and steam, he regarded it as a challenge, and… want to fight it, only, at that precise moment, someone… always dash up and bear it off before he could get at it. Today he determined he would be beforehand. At the first sound the kettle made, he rose, growling, and advanced towards it in a threatening attitude.
«Ah! would ye!» growled the dog, showing his teeth; «I'll teach ye to check a hard-working, respectable dog; ye miserable, long-nosed, dirty-looking scoundrel. Come on!»
And he rushed at that poor little kettle. (After Jerome K. Jerome)