Реферат: Обзор экономики Грузии за 2004 год

<st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:City w:st=«on»>TBILISI</st1:City>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»>GEORGIA</st1:country-region></st1:place>

Private Sector and Human-resource Development in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>

Author: Lasha Martashvili

E-mail: lmg@bk.ru

(18.02.2004)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOC o «1-3» h z u 1. Government Policies. PAGEREF _Toc84649293 h 5

1.1 Government promotion policies of small andmedium size enterprises. PAGEREF _Toc84649294 h 5

1.2 National Investment Agency of Georgia… PAGEREF _Toc84649295 h 5

1.3 Georgian Investment Center. PAGEREF _Toc84649296 h 5

1.2.1 Government’s ExportPromotion Policy. PAGEREF _Toc84649297 h 6

1.2.2 Georgian ExportPromotion Agency (GEPA)PAGEREF _Toc84649298 h 9

1.4 ForeignInvestment Promotion… PAGEREF _Toc84649299 h 14

1.3.1 Government’s Foreign InvestmentPromotion Policy. PAGEREF _Toc84649300 h 14

1.3.2 Foreign Investment Advisory Council (FIAC)PAGEREF _Toc84649301 h 21

1.5 TaxRegime. PAGEREF _Toc84649302 h 23

1.3.3 TaxationSystem and Tax Rates in Georgia. PAGEREF _Toc84649303 h 23

1.3.4 ExistingTaxation Practices. PAGEREF _Toc84649304 h 34

1.3.5 TaxReform Areas. PAGEREF _Toc84649305 h 38

1.6 Legislative Basis for the Operation ofthe Private Companies. PAGEREF _Toc84649306 h 44

1.5.1 Lawof Georgia on Entrepreneurs (LoE) (Corporate Law)PAGEREF _Toc84649307 h 44

1.5.2 Law of Georgia onSecurities Market (SML)PAGEREF _Toc84649308 h 51

1.5.3 Employment Regulations in Georgia. PAGEREF _Toc84649309 h 57

1.5.4 Regulations about Real Estate in Georgia. PAGEREF _Toc84649310 h 59

1.7 The Business Environment in Georgia… PAGEREF _Toc84649311 h 61

1.8 Institutional Arrangements. PAGEREF _Toc84649312 h 64

1.3.1 Securities Industry. PAGEREF _Toc84649313 h 64

2. Society… PAGEREF _Toc84649314 h 65

2.1 Poverty issues. PAGEREF _Toc84649315 h 65

3. Economics. PAGEREF_Toc84649316 h 70

3.1 Main economic indicators. PAGEREF _Toc84649317 h 70

3.2 Agriculture. PAGEREF _Toc84649319 h 77

3.3 Trade. PAGEREF _Toc84649320 h 104

3.4 Construction… PAGEREF _Toc84649321 h 106

4. Business. PAGEREF _Toc84649322 h 110

4.1 Company Registration and Licensing System… PAGEREF _Toc84649323 h 110

4.1.1 CompanyRegistration System… PAGEREF _Toc84649324 h 110

4.1.2 Company LicensingSystem… PAGEREF _Toc84649325 h 117

4.2 Local Enterprises. PAGEREF _Toc84649326 h 119

4.1.3 Joint Stock Companies traded at GeorgianStock Exchange. PAGEREF_Toc84649327 h 120

4.1.4 Joint Stock Companies not traded at GeorgianStock Exchange. PAGEREF_Toc84649333 h 132

4.3 Human-ResourceDevelopment in the Private Sector. PAGEREF _Toc84649334 h 134

5. Other Donors’ Activities. PAGEREF _Toc84649336 h 138

5.1 TheWorld Bank and IMF. PAGEREF_Toc84649337 h 138

5.1.1 List of the Active World Bank Projects inGeorgia. PAGEREF _Toc84649338 h 138

S – Satisfactory. PAGEREF _Toc84649339 h 138

U — Unsatisfactory. PAGEREF _Toc84649340 h 138

5.1.2 List of the Closed World Bank Projects inGeorgia. PAGEREF _Toc84649341 h 139

5.1.3 Description of the Closed World BankProjects in Georgia. PAGEREF _Toc84649342 h 140

5.1.4 The World Bank and IMF Cooperation inGeorgia. PAGEREF _Toc84649343 h 149

5.1.5 The World Bank Country AssistanceStrategy for Georgia. PAGEREF _Toc84649344 h 154

5.1.6 The World Bank Partners in Georgia. PAGEREF _Toc84649345 h 161

5.2 USAID… PAGEREF _Toc84649346 h 162

5.3 EBRD… PAGEREF _Toc84649347 h 162

5.4 EU… PAGEREF _Toc84649348 h 162

5.5 GTZ… PAGEREF _Toc84649349 h 163

5.6 CIDA… PAGEREF _Toc84649350 h 163

5.7 DFID… PAGEREF _Toc84649351 h 163

5.8 The Government of theNetherlands. PAGEREF _Toc84649352 h 163

5.9 IFAD… PAGEREF _Toc84649353 h 164

5.10 UNDP. PAGEREF _Toc84649354 h 164

5.11 UNICEF. PAGEREF _Toc84649355 h 164

Currency

(Exchange rate as of <st1:date Month=«2» Day=«1» Year=«2004» w:st=«on»>01 Feb. 2004</st1:date>)

Currency Unit = Georgian Lari (GEL)

1 USD = 2.11 GEL

1.0 GEL = 0.47 USD

Abbreviations and Acronyms

CAS

Country Assistance Strategy of the World Bank

CFAA

Country Financial Accountability Assessment

CIS

Commonwealth of Independent States

CPIA

Country Policy and Institutional Assessment

DFID

Department for International Development, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>U.K.</st1:place></st1:country-region>

EBRD

European Bank for Reconstruction & Development

EDPRP

Economic Dev’t & Poverty Reduction Program

European Union

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

FIAS

Foreign Investment Advisory Service

FSAP

Financial Sector Assessment Program

FSU

Former <st1:place w:st=«on»>Soviet Union</st1:place>

Fiscal Year

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GEL

Georgian Lari

GNP

Gross National Product

GoG

Government of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>

GSE

Georgian Stock Exchange

GTZ

German Technical Cooperation

IDA

International Development Association

IDF

Institutional Development Fund

IDP

Internally Displaced Persons

IFC

International Finance Corporation

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IOSCO

The International Organization of Securities Commissions

JSC

Joint Stock Company

KfW

German Financial Cooperation

LLC

Limited Liability Company

MDGs

Millennium Development Goals

MoF

Ministry of Finance

NBG

National Bank of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>

NGO

Non-Governmental Organization

NBG

National Bank of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>

NGO

Non-Governmental Organization

OECD

Organization For Economic Coop’n & Development

PER

Public Expenditure Review

PPP

Purchasing Power Parity

PRGF

Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility

PRSP

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

SAC

Structural Adjustment Credit

SATAC

Structural Adjustment Technical Assistance Credit

SEC

Security and Exchange Commission

SIDA

Swedish International Development Agency

SIF

Social Investment Fund

SME

Small and Medium Enterprises

SRS

Structural Reform Support Project

TACIS

Technical Assistance to the CIS (EU)

UNDP

United Nations Development Program

UNHCR

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

USAID

United States Agency for International Development

VAT

Value Added Tax

WTO

World Trade Organization

1. Government Policies1.1 Government promotion policies of small and medium sizeenterprises

[To be described:] «Small and <st1:place w:st=»on"><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Medium</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Enterprise</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>State</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> Support Program for2002 — 2004 in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>"

[To be described:] Law of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region> «On Promotion of Smalland Medium Enterprises»

1.2 National Investment Agency of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>

[To be described:] Law of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region> «On NationalInvestment Agency of <st1:country-region w:st=»on"><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>"

[To be described:] Activities of theNational InvestmentAgency of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>

1.3 <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Georgian</st1:PlaceName><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Investment</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Center</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>

[To be described:] Activities of theGeorgian Investment Centre

1.2.1 Government’s ExportPromotion Policy

Foreign Trade Regimes. Reforms carried out in recent years in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, including serious legalreforms, are working successfully to create a favourable foreign trade regimein the country. Since 1995 the following major reforms have taken place inGeorgian legislation:

The system of quotas has been eliminated. Products included in the nation's export embargo policy include only works of art and antiques and items of national historical importance. There is no customs duty for exports in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>. A fiscal policy aimed at stimulating exports has been introduced whereby all export goods are free of VAT and excise duty;

Export of goods requiring an exportlicense have been reduced to the following classes:

Collectionsand collectors' pieces of zoological, botanical, mineral, anatomical,historical, archaeological, paleonthological, ethnographic or numismaticinterest (HS — 9705);

Wood and timber(4401, 4403,4404, 4406, 4407);

Seeds of <st1:place w:st=«on»>Caucasus</st1:place>Pine (120999100);

Ferrous and non-ferrousmetal scrap (7204, 7404, 7602).

The system of compulsoryregistrationof foreign trade contracts was eliminated in November 1997.

The establishment of favourable traderegimes with partner countries through bilateral and multilateral agreementshas commenced. During the period 1992 — 1998, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region> signed trade agreementswith 22 countries. Agreements on free trade have been signed with eight CIScountries and <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>already has working free trade agreements with <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Azerbaijan</st1:place></st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Armenia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Kazakhstan</st1:place></st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Turkmenistan</st1:place></st1:country-region>.Currently a multilateral agreement on CIS free trade zone is being enforced.According to these agreements signatories to the agreement need not use customsduties and taxes for exports or imports of the goods originated in theterritory of one party and destined to the territory of the other party.

Furthermore, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>has become a part of several international conventions.

On <st1:date Month=«10» Day=«6» Year=«1999» w:st=«on»>October 6, 1999</st1:date><st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which granted <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region> thestatus of the Most Favoured Nation with 135 WTO member countries. Through themechanisms of this organisation, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region> will be protected fromdiscrimination, unfair competition, falsification and unjustified limitations.

In 1996 <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>signed an agreement on partnership and cooperation with the European Unionwhich deals with economic relations in almost every sector. In fact theagreement covers all sectors of the economy.

In 1999 <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>became a member of the Council of Europe with full rights, which will furtherfacilitate trade-economic relations between Georgia and member countries of theEuropean Union.

Many countries have granted to <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>reductions in import customs taxes to their countries, under the General Systemof Preferences. These include the countries of the European Union, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Switzerland</st1:place></st1:country-region>,the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Czech</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Republic</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Slovakia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>. This isone of the most important influences on the successful growth of exports for <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Theeffective use of facilities such as GSP will substantially promote Georgianexport development.

Law of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>«On Technical Barriers to Trade». The law«On Technical Barriers to Trade» lays down the basis for eliminatingthe technical barriers to trade during the process of the preparation, adoptionand application of the technical regulations, standards and the procedures forthe assessment of conformity.

The national technical regulations andstandards should not create unnecessary obstacles to trade, which will putnational products in favourable conditions. Therefore, the development of thenational technical regulations and standards should be carried out on the basisof a direct use of the international standards.

Georgian legislation did not envisagethe concept of technical regulations. The concept of technical regulations wasdefined by Law of Georgia «On Standardization» adopted in 1999. Thetechnical regulations is a legal act, which defines the technicalspecifications for products or service, which is done directly or by means ofreferring to Georgian standards and requiring that complying with thesestandards is compulsory.

The principles of the state standardsthat are effective in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>envisage the application of the national standards on a compulsory basis fromthe moments of its effectiveness. However, based on the principles that definethe standards as voluntary, the international practice envisages two-stageapproach to making a standard as mandatory requirement: the standard that wasadopted by national body is optional and it may be used by any party, howeverit will become mandatory, if it is defined by:

The legislation;

Such stipulation is indicated in thetechnical regulations;

A producer or supplier of servicesassumed such responsibility by the assessment of conformity.

The first chapterof the present draft law lays down the legal basis for eliminatingthe technical barriers to trade during the process of the preparation, adoptionand application of the technical regulations, standards and the procedures forthe assessment of conformity.

It defines the terms, including«Technical barriers to trade», which in fact is the discrepancy inrequirements from those used at a national level or in international practicewith respect to the technical regulations, standards and the procedures for theassessment of conformity.

It defines the different categories oftechnical regulations, which include:

Legislative acts, the decrees of thePresident of Georgia, which consist of the product requirements;

The national standards, theapplication of which is mandatory;

The agency specific normative actsissued by government bodies, the competency of which, according to thelegislation of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>,includes laying down the mandatory product requirements.

The second chapterdefines the requirements to the content of technical regulations,preparation of technical regulations and procedures for the assessment ofconformity, coordination of the activities related to the development of technical regulations,and recognizing the technical regulations of foreign countries as an equivalentto the national technical regulations.

Chapterthreedefinesthe procedure of applying technical regulations and standards, which includesmaking references to standards in technical regulations, fulfillment ofstandards as a mandatory requirement, fulfillment of standards as a voluntaryrequirement, and the national arrangements for applying the technicalregulations and standards with respect to the national and imported products.

Chapterfourdefinesthe principles of providing information relating to technical barriers totrade. The main emphasis is placed on the Central Information Center ofStandards, the main function of which is the relationship with the World TradeOrganization. The Central Information Center of Standards provides informationabout the technical regulations, standards and the procedures for theassessment of conformity that are already developed or are in the process ofdevelopment. It should carry out the coordination of activities of the centersset up in this field by other government bodies.

Chapterfivedefinesthe authority and responsibility of the National Standardizing Body and othergovernment bodies.

Chaptersixlays downthe principles of the state control and supervision on complying with therequirements of technical regulations, as well as the responsibility forviolating the requirements of the law.

Chaptersevenstatesthat the process of developing technical regulations has to be financed by thestate on a mandatory basis.

Chaptereightcontainsthe provisional clauses, which states that the government bodies should adoptand publish those technical regulations, which envisage complying on amandatory basis with the standards that ensure the quality of products,processes and service, security, protection of human life, protection of thehealth, property and environment. With this respect it will be significant toemploy, whenever developing the technical regulations, the directives issued bythe countries that are members of the European Union.

Chapterninedefinesthe amendments that have to be made into Georgian legislation after this lawbecomes effective.

TheLaw of Georgia «On Technical Barriers to Trade» should initiate thepractical efforts towards the preparation, adoption and application of thetechnical regulations, which will be step forward towards setting up voluntarystandardization system that is one of the attributes of modern marketrelationships.

1.2.2 GeorgianExport Promotion Agency (GEPA)

TheGeorgian Export Promotion Agency was set up by the Georgian Government and theEuropean Union's Technical Assistance Programme TACIS with the principal aim ofassisting Georgian companies to increase exports and thus to stimulate animprovement in the country's trade balance. The GEPA was established in April1999. Since then, the German Government's Technical Assistance Programme GTZ(Deutsche Gesellschaftfur TechnischeZusammenarbeitGmbH) has also invested in theagency both in its personnel and in its activities.

GEPAsupports Georgian business interests in the global marketplace, assists inforging business alliances, facilitates establishment of international businessrelationships. GEPA provides comprehensive information on businessopportunities both for Georgian and overseas companies.

<st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Export</st1:PlaceName><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Information</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Center</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. GEPA Export Information Centre(EIC) promotes Georgian companies and their products on the global marketplace.It offers the services of two Georgian business information officers and alibrarian who work in cooperation with specialists from EU countries. The EICholds a wide range trade information resources including reference materials,manuals and textbooks on exporting, sector related journals from overseas,CD-ROM and online databases, information on local and foreign markets, traderegulations and has wide access to trade leads databases.

The EIC services include but are not limited to:

Providingmarket information to Georgian exporters

IntroducingGeorgia and Georgian products to companies around the world

Assistingforeign companies in sourcing products in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region>

Offeringonline trade leads both for Georgian exporters and overseas importers

AssistingGeorgian companies in developing an export marketing strategy

OverseasExhibitions and Trade Missions. GEPA is actively involved in preparing overseas business visits forGeorgian business groups to meet with new trading partners; we also prepare andpart finance Georgian sectors' participation at international exhibitions. Manyforeign delegations, commercial and governmental, pay a visit to our agencyduring their visits to <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Tbilisi</st1:place></st1:City>.Study tours for sectors with potential have been organized to <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Canada</st1:place></st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>UK</st1:place></st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region>.

With financial assistance from the German government's technical assistanceprogramme, GTZ, GEPA part-finance participation of Georgian exporters inoverseas trade shows/exhibitions. GEPA/GTZ have already assisted companies totake part in exhibitions in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region>,<st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>France</st1:place></st1:country-region>,<st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Italy</st1:place></st1:country-region>and the <st1:place w:st=«on»>Middle East</st1:place>.

Conditions for participation are that export products must be of exportquality, prices examined by German specialists and a group of a minimum ofthree producers from one sector participates in each exhibition.

<st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Training</st1:PlaceName><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Center</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. GEPA offers a wide range of exporttraining courses to Georgian businessmen, civil servants, and commercial banks,on subjects ranging from export pricing to utilizing e-commerce in exporting.All courses are taught by international and Georgian specialists in their givenfields of specialization.

A newTraining Programme that Georgian Export Promotion Agency offers to Georgiancompanies differs considerably from the Programme already conducted by GEPAwithin the framework of previous TACIS project. It includes an In-CompanyTraining that is designed to meet the training needs of companies participatingin GEPA's Export Development Program.

Customized programs have been developed for specific companies to increase theprofessional skills of company managers and staff and thereby help them improvetheir export activities. In-company training is considered as part of theconsultancy service provided by GEPA to existing exporters and to companieswith the potential to export. Format and content of training depends onbusiness features of individual companies. Mostly practical exercises and casestudies have been used to achieve the best results.

Alongside in-company training, GEPA continues to offer general training inExport Marketing, Export Promotion, Strategic Business Planning etc.

GEPA hopes that new arrangements run in the field of training, will be of realassistance to Georgian companies in enhancing their export marketing activitiesand in achieving increased export orders.

Publications. GEPA staff prepares a variety ofpublications for both Georgian exporters and overseas companies. Thesepublications include Export Newsletter, Market Briefs, Fact Sheets and theDirectory of Georgian Exporters. Recently a brochure on Georgian viticultureand winemaking was prepared in corporation with the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Institute</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Viticulture</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>.

ExportNewsletter.Export Newsletter is available both in print and electronic formats on ourwebsite. It is circulated to Georgian companies and internationalorganizations. It includes information on opportunities outside <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Georgia</st1:place></st1:country-region> forexporters, case studies on successful Georgian and foreign companies and anupdate on any changes in Georgian, and foreign legislation, which may affectexporters. It also advises of forthcoming exhibitions and incoming buyingmissions from overseas.

MarketBriefs. MarketBriefs are prepared in Georgian and are available for Georgian companiesinterested in specific industries and markets. Market briefs prepared to dateare as follows:

1.

<st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>UK</st1:place></st1:country-region>Wine Market

2.

Pipes' Market in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Italy</st1:place></st1:country-region>

3.

Organic Food market in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region>

4.

<st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>UK</st1:place></st1:country-region>Nuts Market

5.

Timber Market in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region>

6.

UK Tea market

7.

Intellectual Property — overview

8.

EU Fertilizer Market

9.

<st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>and EU Markets for Essential Oils

10.

Wine Market in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>

11.

Mineral Waters in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>

Sample Market Brief: WineMarket in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region><table cellspacing=«0» cellpadding=«0» "> <table cellspacing=«1» cellpadding=«0» ">

Wine Market in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>

1.

Market Overview

1.1

Market conditions

1.2

Trends in local production

1.3

Wine imports

1.4

Consumption trends

2.

Import regulations

2.1

Import restrictions and application procedures

2.2

Labelling requirements

2.3

Tariff rates

3.

Distribution Channels

4.

Consumption trends

4.1

Prices

4.2

Wine categories

4.3

Japanese consumption traditions

5.

Market Entry

5.1

Entering Japanese market

5.2

Wine sales promotion strategies

6.

Annexes

Sample Market Briefs: MineralWaters in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> <table cellspacing=«0» cellpadding=«0» "> <table cellspacing=«1» cellpadding=«0» ">

Mineral Waters in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>

1.

Market Overview

1.1

Supply Trend

1.2

Import Trend

2.

Import System and Regulations

2.1

Imports Regulated by Food Sanitation Law

2.2

Tariff rates

2.3

Classification of Mineral Water

2.4

Labelling requirement and a labelling