Реферат: Алмаз

<span Academy Condensed"">

<span Academy Condensed"">ÐÅÔÅÐÀÒÏÎ ÕÈÌÈÈ

<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU">

<span Academy Condensed"">

<span Academy Condensed"">ÏÎÄÃÎÒÎÂËÅÍ:

<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU">  Коротенко Денисом.<span Academy Condensed"">

<span Academy Condensed"">

<span Academy Condensed"">ÀËÌÀÇ.

<span Academy Condensed"">(Ëåãåíäàèäåéñòâèòåëüíîñòü.)

<span Academy Condensed"">Àëìàç!Ýòîíàçâàíèåèçâåñòíîêàæäîìó. Ñ íèìàññîöèèðóåòñÿïðåäñòàâëåíèåî íåñðàâíåííîìáëåñêå èíåïðåâçàéäåííîéòâåðäîñòè.Ñî âòîðûìñâîéñòâîìñâÿçàíî èíàçâàíèåìèíåðàëà,êîòîðîåïðîèñõîäèòèëè îòàðàáñêîãîñëîâà àë-ìàñ(“òâåðäåéøèé”),èëè îòãðå÷åñêîãîàäàìàñ(“íåïðåîäîëèìûé”,”íåñîêðóøèìûé”).

<span Academy Condensed"">Àëìàçûèçäàâíîèñïîëüçîâàëèñüâ êà÷åñòâåñàìûõèçûñêàííûõóêðàøåíèé.Þâåëèðû ðàçäåëÿþòàëìàçûïî÷òè íàòûñÿ÷èñîðòîâ âçàâèñèìîñòèîòïðîçðà÷íîñòè,òîíà, ãóñòîòûèðàâíîìåðíîñòèîêðàñêè,íàëè÷èå òðåùèí,ìèíåðàëüíûõâêëþ÷åíèé èíåêîòîðûõäðóãèõïðèçíàêîâ. Âêîíöåäâàäöàòîãî âåêààëìàçûíà÷èíàþòïðèìåíÿòñÿíà ïðîèçâîäñòâå. íàñòîÿùååâðåìÿýêîíîìè÷åñêèéïîòåíöèàëíàèáîëååðàçâèòûõãîñóäàðñòââçíà÷èòåëüíîéìåðå ñâÿçûâàåòñÿñèñïîëüçîâàíèåìèìè àëìàçîâ.

<span Academy Condensed"">Êàêèåæå ñâîéñòâààëìàçàîïðåäåëÿþòåãî øèðîêîåèñïîëüçîâàíèåâ ñàìûõðàçëè÷íûõîáëàñòÿõíàðîäíîãîõîçÿéñòâà? Âïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü,êîíå÷íî,èñêëþ÷èòåëüíàÿòâåðäîñòü,êîòîðàÿ, åñëèñóäèòü ïîñêîðîñòèñòèðàíèÿ, â 150ðàç âûøå, ÷åìó êîðóíäà, è âäåñÿòêè ðàçëó÷øå, ÷åì óëó÷øèõñïëàâîâ,ïðèìåíÿåìûõäëÿèçãîòàâëåíèÿðåçöîâ.Àëìàçïðèìåíÿåòñÿïðè áóðåíè

<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU">и<span Academy Condensed"">ãîðíûõ ïîðîäèìåõàíè÷åñêîéîáðàáîòêå ñàìûõðàçíîîáðàçíûõìàòåðèàëîâ,äëÿ ïðîòÿãèâàíèÿ(âîëî÷åíèÿ)òîíêîéïðîâîëêè, âêà÷åñòâå àáðàçèâàè ò.ï.

<span Academy Condensed"">Áîëååïîëîâèíûäîáû÷èòåõíè÷åñêèõàëìàçîâèäåò íàèçãîòîâëåíèåñïåöèàëüíîãîèíñðóìåíòàäëÿîáðàáàòûâàþùåéïðîìûøëåííîñòè.Ïðèìåíåíèåàëìàçíûõðåçöîâ è ñâåðëíàîáðàáîòêåöâåòíûõ è÷åðíûõìåòàëîâ,òâåðäûõ èñâåðõòâåðäûõñïëàâîâ,ñòåêëà, êàó÷óêà,ïëàñ

<span Academy Condensed"; mso-ansi-language:RU">т<span Academy Condensed"">ìàññè äðóãèõñèíòåòè÷åñêèõâåùåñòâ äàåòîãðîìíûéýêîíîìè÷åñêèéýôôåêò ïî ñðàâíåíèþñèñïîëüçîâàíèåìòâåðäîñïëàâíîãîèíñòðóìåíòà.×åðåçâû÷àéíîâàæíî, ÷òîïðè ýòîì íåòîëüêî âäåñÿòêè ðàçïîâûøàåòïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòüòðóäà (ïðèòîêàðíîéîáðàáîòêåïëàñòìàññäàæå â ñîòíèðàç!), íîîäíîâðåìåííîçíà÷èòåëüíîóëó÷øàåòñÿêà÷åñòâî ïðîäóêöèè.Îáðàáîòàííûåàëìàçíûìðåçöîì ïîâåðõíîñò<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU">и<span Academy Condensed""> íåòðåáóþòøëèôîâêè, íàíèõïðàêòè÷åñêèîòñóòñòâóþòìèêðîòðåùèíû, âðåçóëüòàòå÷åãîìíîãîêðàòíîóâåëè÷èâàåòñÿñðîê ñëóæáûïîëó÷àåìûõäåòàëåé.

<span Academy Condensed"">Ïðàêòè÷åñêèâñåñîâðåìåííûåîòðàñëè ïðîìûøëåííîñòè,â ïåðâóþî÷åðåäüýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêàÿ,ðàäèîýëåêòðîííàÿè ïðèáîðîñòðîèòåëüíàÿ,â îãðîìíûõêîëëè÷åñòâàõèñïîëüçóþòòîíêóþïðîâîëêó,èçãîòàâëèâàåìóþèçðàçëè÷íûõ

<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU"> материалов. <span Academy Condensed"">Ïðèýòîìïðåäúÿâëÿþòñÿñòðîãèåòðåáîâàíèÿê êðóãîâîéôîðìå èíåèçìåííîñòèäèàìåòðàïîïåðå÷íîãîñå÷åíèÿïðîâîëêè ïðèâûñîêîé÷èñòîòåïîâåðõíîñòè.Òàêàÿïðîâîëêà èçòâåðäûõìåòàëëîâ èñïëàâîâ(âîëüôðàìà,õðîìîíèêåëåâîéñòàëè è äð.)ìîæåò áûòü èçãîòîâëåíàëèøü ñïîìîùúþàëìàçíûõôèëüåð.<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU"> <span Academy Condensed"">Ôèëüåðûïðåäñòàâëÿþòñîáîéïëàñòèí÷àòûåàëìàçû ñïðîñâåðëåííûìèâ íèõòîí÷àéøèìèîâåðñòèÿìè.

<span Academy Condensed"">Øèðîêîåïðèìåíåíèåâïðîìûøëåííîñòèíàõîäÿò èàëìàçíûåïîðîøêè. Èõïîëó÷àþòïóòåìäðîáëåíè

<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU">я<span Academy Condensed"">íèçêîñîðòíûõïðèðîäíûõàëìàçîâ, àòàêæåèçãîòàâëèâàþòíà ñïåöèàëüíûõïðåäïðèÿòèÿõïîïðîèçâîäñòâ<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU">у<span Academy Condensed"">ñèíòåòè÷åñêèõàëìàçîâ.Àëìàçíûåïîðîøêèèñïîëüçóþòñÿâ äèñêîâûõàëìàçíûõïèëàõ,<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU"> <span Academy Condensed"">ìåëêîàëìàçíûõáóðîâûõêîðîíêàõ,ñïåöèàëüíûõíàïèëüíèêàõè â êà÷åñòâåàáðàçèâà.Òîëüêî ñïðèìåíåíèåìàëìàçíûõïîðîøêîâóäàëîñüñîçäàòüóíèêàëüíûåñâåðëà, êîòîðûåîáåñïå÷èâàþòïîëó÷åíèåãëóáîêèõ òîíêèõîòâåðñòèé âòâåðäûõ èõðóáêèõ ìàòåðèàëàõ.

<span Academy Condensed"">Àëìàçíûåïîðîøêèíàõîäÿòïðèìåíåíè

<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU">е<span Academy Condensed""> íàãðàíèëüíûõôàáðèêàõ,ãäå âñåñàìîöâåòû, èâ òîì ÷èñëåàëìàçû,ïîäâåðãàþòñÿî<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language: RU">гр<span Academy Condensed"">àíêåè øëèôîâêå,áëàãîäàðÿ÷åìóíåâçðà÷íûåäî ýòîãîêàìíèñòàíîâÿòñÿòàèíñòâåííîñâåòÿùèìèñÿèëèîñëåïèòåëüíîñâåðêàþùèìèäðàãîöåííîñòÿìè,ê íåïîâòîðèìîé êðàñîòåêîòðûõíèêòî íåîñòàíåòñÿðàâíîäóøíûì. àëìàçå ïîääåéñòâèåìçàðÿæåííîé÷àñòèö<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU">ы<span Academy Condensed"">ïðîèñõîäèòñâåòîâàÿâñïûøêà èâîçíèêàåòèìïóëüñòîêà. Ýòèñâîéñòâàïîçâîëÿþò èñïîëüçîâàòüàëìàçû âêà÷åñòâåäåòåêòîðîâÿäåðíîãîèçëó÷åíèÿ.Ñâå÷åíèåàëìàçîâ èâîçíèêíîâåíèåèìïóëüñîâýëåêòðè÷åñêîãîòîêà ïðèîáëó÷åíèèïîçâîëÿåòïðèìåíÿòü èõâ ñ÷åò÷èêàõáûñòðûõ ÷àñòèö.Àëìàç âêà÷åñòâåòàêîãîñ÷åò÷èêà îáëàäàåòíåîñïîðèìûìèïðåèìóùåñòâàìèïîñðàâíåíèþ ñãàçîâûìè èäðóãèìèêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèìèïðèáîðàìè.

<span Academy Condensed"">Â

<span Academy Condensed";mso-ansi-language:RU">России <span Academy Condensed""> ïîñëåîòêðûòèÿÿêóòñêèõìåñòîðîæäåíèéáûëàñîçäàíààëìàçîäîáûâàþùàÿïðîìûøëåííîñòü.Âçíà÷èòåëüíûõìàñøòàáàõó íàñïðîèçâîäÿòñÿèñèíòåòè÷åñêèåàëìàçû.

<span Academy Condensed"">Àëìàçîì,êàê è äðóãèìêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèìòåëàì,ñâîéñòâåííààíèçîòðîïèÿíåêîòîðûõõàðàêòåðèñòèêâ òîì ÷èñëå èàíèçîòðîïèÿòâåðäîñòè,÷òîîáóñëîâëåííîîñîáåííîñòÿìèâíóòðåííåãîñòðîåíèÿêðèñòàëëîâ. Òâåðäîñòüìåíÿåòñÿ íåòîëüêî îòãðàíè êãðàíè, íî è íåðåäêî â ïðåäåëàõîäíîé ãðàíèêðèñòàëëà,÷òî íåîáõîäèìîó÷èòûâàòüïðèîáðàáîòêåàëìàçà è ïðèðàáîòå ñàëìàçíûìèíñòðóìåíòîì.

<span Academy Condensed"">Ïðî÷èåôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèåñâîéñòâà.

<span Academy Condensed"">Âàæíîåçíà÷åíèåèìååò î÷åíüíèçêèé êîýôôèöèåíòòðåíèÿàëìàçà ïîìåòàëëó íà âîçäóõå- âñåãî 0.1, ÷òîñâÿçàíî ñîáðàçîâàíèåìíàïîâåðõíîñòèêðèñòàëëàòîíêèõ ïëåíîêàäñîðáèðîâàííîãîãàçà,èãðàþùèõðîëü ñâîåîáðàçíîéñìàçêè.Êîãäà òàêèåïëåíêè íåîáðàçóþòñÿ,êîýôôèöèåíòòðåíèÿ âîçðàñòàåòè äîñòèãàåò0.5-0.55. Íèçêèé êîýôôèöèåíòòðåíèÿîáóñëàâëèâàåòèñêëþ÷èòåëüíóþèçíîñîñòîéêîñòüàëìàçà íàñòèðàíèå,êîòîðàÿïðåâûøàåòèçíîñîñòîéêîñòüêîðóíäà â 90ðàç, à äðóãèõàáðàçèâíûõìàòåðèàëîâ — â ñîòíè èòûñÿ÷è ðàç. Âðåçóëüòàòå,íàïðèìåð, ïðèøëèôîâàíèèèçäåëèé èçòâåðäûõñïëàâîâàëìàçíîãîïîðîøêàðàñõîäóåòñÿâ 600-3000 ðàçìåíüøå, ÷åìëþáîãîäðóãîãî àáðàçèâà.

<span Academy Condensed"">Äëÿàëìàçàòàêæåõàðàêòåðíûñàìûé âûñîêèé(ïîñðàâíåíèþ ñäðóãèìèèçâåñòíûìèìàòåðèàëàìè)ìîäóëüóïðóãîñòè èñàìûé íèçêèéêîýôôèöèåíòñæàòèÿ.

<span Academy Condensed"">Òåðìè÷åñêèåñâîéñòâà.

<span Academy Condensed"">Òåìïåðàòóðàïëàâëåíèÿàëìàçàñîñòàâëÿåò3700-4000’C. Íà âîçäóõåàëìàçñãîðàåò ïðè850-1000’Ñ, à â ñòðóå÷èñòîãîêèñëîðîäàãîðèòñëàáî-ãîëóáûìïëàìåíåì ïðè720-800’Ñ,ïîëíîñòüþïðåâðàùàÿñüâ êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòåâóãëåêèñëûéãàç. Ïðèíàãðåâå äî2000-3000’Ñ áåçäîñòóïàâîçäóõààëìàçïåðåõîäèò âãðàôèò.

<span Academy Condensed"">Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûéìèíåðàëîáëàäàåòèñêëþ÷èòåëüíîâûñîêîéòåïëîïðîâîäíîñòüþ,÷òîîáóñëîâëèâàåòáûñòðûéîòõîä òåïëà,âîçíèêàþùåãîâ ïðîöåññåîáðàáîòêèäåòàëåé èíñòðóìåíòîì,èçãîòîâëåííûìèç íåãî. Êðîìåòîãî, äëÿàëìàçàõàðàêòåðåííèçêèéòåìïåðàòóðíûéêîýôôèöèåíòëèíåéíîãîðàñøèðåíèÿ(íèæå, ÷åì óòâåðäûõñïëàâîâ èñòàëè). Ýòîñâîéñòâîàëìàçàó÷èòûâàåòñÿïðè âñòàâêååãî â îïðàâóèç ðàçíûõ ìåòàëëîâè äðóãèõìàòåðèàëîâ.

<span Academy Condensed"">Îïòè÷åñêèåñâîéñòâà.

<span Academy Condensed"">Ñðåäíèéïîêàçàòåëüïðåëîìëåíèÿáåñöâåòíûõêðèñòàëëîâàëìàçà âæåëòîì öâåòåðàâåíïðèìåðíî 2.417, àäëÿðàçëè÷íûõöâåòîâ ñïåêòðàîí âàðüèðóåòîò 2.402 (äëÿêðàñíîãî) äî 2.465(äëÿ ôèîëåòîâîãî).Ñïîñîáíîñòüêðèñòàëîâðàçëàãàòüáåëûé öâåòíà îòäåëüíûåñîñòàâëÿþùèåíàçûâàåòñÿäèñïåðñèåé.Äëÿ àëìàçàäèñïåðñèÿðàâíà 0.063. Êàêïîêàçàòåëèïðåëîìëåíèÿ,òàê èäèñïåðñèÿàëìàçàíàìíîãîïðåâûøàþò àíàëîãè÷íûåñâîéñòâàâñåõ äðóãèõïðèðîäíûõïðîçðà÷íûõâåùåñòâ, ÷òîè îáóñëîâëèâàåòâ ñî÷åòàíèèñ òâåðäîñòüþíåïðåâçàéäåííûåêà÷åñòâààëìàçîâ êàêäðàãîöåííûõêàìíåé.Âûñîêîåïðåëîìëåíèåâ ñîâîêóïíîñòèñ÷ðåçâû÷àéíîñèëüíîéäèñïåðñèåé âûçûâàåòõàðàêòåðíûéáëåñêîòïîëèðîâàííîãîàëìàçà,íàçâàííûìàëìàçíûì.

<span Academy Condensed"">Îäíèìèç âàæíûõñâîéñòâàëìàçîâÿâëÿåòñÿëþìèíåñöåíöèÿ.Ïîääåéñòâèåìñîëíå÷íîãîñâåòà èîñîáåííîêàòîäíûõ,óëüòðàôèîëåòîâûõèðåíòãåíîâñêèõëó÷åéàëìàçûíà÷èíàþòëþìèíåñöèðîâàòü- ñâåòèòüñÿðàçëè÷íûìèöâåòàìè. Ïîääåéñòâèåìêàòîäíîãî èðåíòãåíîâñêîãîèçëó÷åíèÿñâåòÿòñÿâñå ðàçíîâèäíîñòèàëìàçîâ, àïîääåéñòâèåìóëüòðàôèîëåòîâîãî- òîëüêîíåêîòîðûå.Ðåíòãåíîëþìèíåñöåíöèÿøèðîêîïðèìåíÿåòñÿíà ïðàêòèêåäëÿèçâëå÷åíèÿàëìàçîâ èçïîðîäû.

<span Academy Condensed"">Ôîðìàêðèñòàëëîâ.

<span Academy Condensed"">Áîëüøàÿ÷àñòüàëìàçîââñòðå÷àåòñÿâ ïðèðîäå ââèäåîòäåëüíûõõîðîøîîôîðìëåííûõ êðèñòàëëîâèëè èõîáëîìêîâ.Ïðåîáëàäàþòîêòàýäðû,ðîìáîäîäåêàýäðûè êóáû, àòàêæå èõêîìáèíàöèè. Ýòîêðèñòàëëû ñðîâíûìèïëîñêèìèãðàíÿìè. Òàêèõ èíàçûâàþò — ïëîñêîãðàííûìè.Ðåæå âñòðå÷àþòñÿêðèâîãðàííûå,îêðóãëûåêðèñòàëëû,îäíàêî âíåêîòîðûõìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõîíèïðåîáëàäàþò.Çà÷àñòóþêðèñòàëëûàëìàçàñðàñòàþòñÿäðóã ñ äðóãîìèëè æå êàê áû“ïðîðàñòàþò”äðóã äðóãà,îáðàçóÿñîîòâåòñòâåííîòàêíàçûâàåìûåäâîéíèêèñðàñòàíèÿ èïðîðàñòàíèÿ.

<span Academy Condensed"">Ïðàêòè÷åñêèâî âñåõàëìàçíûõìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõïðèñóòñòâóþòìèêðî- èñêðûòîêðèñòàëëè÷åñêèåàãðåãàòû,ñëîæåííûåñîòíÿìèòåñíîñðîñøèõñÿìåëü÷àéøèõçåðåí àëìàçà.Îíèïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿíà áîðò,áàëëàñ èêàðáîíàäî.Áîðòîì îáû÷íîíàçûâàþòíåïðàâèëüíûåìåëêîçåðíèñòûåñðîñòêè.Áàëëàñûïðåäñòàâëÿþòñîáîéøàðîîáðàçíûåàãðåãàòû,ðàäèàëüíî-ëó÷èñòîãîñòðîåíèÿ,êàðáîíàäî — òîíêîçåðíèñòûåàãðåãàòû,èìåþùèåìàññèâíîå,ïîðèñòîå,êîêñîâèäíîåèøëàêîâèäíîåñòðîåíèå. Íàèáîëååöåíÿòñÿìàññèâíûåêàðáîíàäî, ïîêðûòèåýìàëåâèäíîéêîðî÷êîé,êîòîðàÿ òâåðæåñàìîãîàëìàçíîãîÿäðà.Êàðáîíàäîíåçàìåíèìûäëÿèçãîòîâëåíèÿàëìàçíûõáóðîâûõêîðîíîê.

<span Academy Condensed"">Êëàññèôèêàöèÿàëìàçîâ.

<span Academy Condensed"">Ïîïûòêèêëàññèôèöèðîâàòüàëìàçûïðåäïðèíèìàëèñüñíåçàïàìÿòíûõâðåìåí. Òàê,äðåâíèåèíäóñûðàçäåëÿëèàëìàçû, êàê èëþäåé, íà÷åòûðåêàñòû:áðàõìàíû,êøàòðèè,âàéøèè èøóäðû. Êáðàõìàíàìîòíîñèëèñüïðîçðàíûåâûñîêîêà÷åñòâåííûåêðèñòàëëû, êêøàòðèÿì èâàéøèÿì — êàìíè êàìíèáîëååíèçêîñîðòíûåñêðàñíîâàòûìîòòåíêîì, êøóäðàì — íàèáîëååíèçêîêà÷åñòâåííûåàëìàçû ñåðîãîöâåòà.Ñîîòâåòñòâåííîøóäðû îöåíèâàëèñüâ ÷åòâåðòü,âàéøèè — âïîëîâèíó, àêøàòðèè — âòðè÷åòâåðòèñòîèìîñòèáðàõìàíîâ.

<span Academy Condensed"">Âíàñòîÿùååâðåìÿñóùåñòâóåòìíîæåñòâîêëàññèôèêàöèéàëìàçîâ, îñíîâàííûõíàðàçëè÷íûõïðèíöèïàõ. Âîäíèõ êëàññèôèêàöèîííûõñõåìàõñäåëàíû ïîïûòêèó÷åñòü âñåñâîéñòâààëìàçîâ, âäðóãèõ — âîñíîâóïîëîæåíãåíåòè÷åñêèéïðèíöèï, ò.å.ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿîá óñëîâèÿõîáðàçîâàíèÿòåõ èëè èíûõãðóïïàëìàçîâ.   Ðîññèèíàèáîëüøååðàñïðîñòðîíåíèåïîëó÷èëèêëàññèôèêàöèîííûåñõåìûÞ.Ë.Îðëîâà è Ç.Â.Áàðòîøèíñêîãî. òî æå âðåìÿþâåëèðû, ïîäõîäÿê äàííîìóâîïðîñó ñîñâîèõïîçèöèé, ðàçäåëÿþòàëìàçûïî÷òè íàòûñÿ÷óñîðòîâ âçàâèñèìîñòèîòïðîçðà÷íîñòè,òîíà, ãóñòîòûèðàâíîìåðíîñòèîêðàñêè, íàëè÷èÿòðåùèí,ìèíåðàëüíûõâêëþ÷åíèé èíåêîòîðûõäðóãèõïðèçíàêîâ.

<span Academy Condensed"">Âíàøåéñòðàíåïðèíÿòàêëàññèôèêàöèÿ,ãäåó÷èòûâàåòñÿêà÷åñòâîàëìàçîâ, èõðàçìåðíîñòü,ìàññà èñôåðàïðèìåíåíèÿ.Ïî êà÷åñòâóîïðåäåëÿåòñÿ9 êàòåãîðèéïðèðîäíîãî àëìàçíîãîñûðüÿ. Êêàòåãîðèÿì1è 2 îòíåñåíûþâåëèðíûåàëìàçû, êîñòàëüíûì — ðàçëè÷íûåñîðòàòåõíè÷åñêèõ. ñâîþî÷åðåäü, êàòåãîðèèïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿíà ãðóïïû ñó÷åòîì ìàññûè ðàçìåðîâêðèñòàëëîâ,à ãðóïïû — íàïîäãðóïïû ñóêàçàíèåìîáëàñò&e

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