Лекция: The Internet
The Internet, aglobal computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of" this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet swithing. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-swithing network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.
Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there millions, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide.
The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide-Web, telnet, FTP and Gopher-In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: an user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Fart of this fee goes forwards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.
But saving money is only the first step, if people sec that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled — but inexpensive — Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.
However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data are constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get Into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet in transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. «in the clear». But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and. technical problems which will take time to be resolved.
111. Выделите смысловой глагол в составном сказуемом приведенного ниже предложена. Назовите видо-временную форму глагола и переведите предложение:
«The data are constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers».
IV. Назовите слова, которые в следующем предложении относятся к неличным формам глагола: Participle I, Participle //, Infinitive и дайте адекватный перевод предложения на русский язык.
«And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations».
V. Найдите в тексте синонимы следующих слов charge, direction, be connected, to get, helpful.
VI. Прочтите предложения в тексте, имеющие сказуемое в форме, страдательного залога, укажите, для выражения какой мысли используется это грамматическое явление.
VII. Прочтите вслух if-конструкцию в ниже приведенном предложении и cкажите, какая мысль с ее помощью выделяется автором:
«If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase».
VIII. Подберите словам из левой колонки определениями из правой:
| to survive destination to intercept message |
to capture in order to use.
capable to do a kind of sophisticated world.
the situation when something accessory becomes available.
| skilled access |
to overcome death danger.
— a place that is supposed to be reacted.
any sort of information that should be passed.
IX. Ответьте на вопросы, опираясь на содержание прочитанного текста:
1. What is the Internet?
2. What was the Internet originally designed for?
3. What countries are most of the Internet host computers in?
4. What is the most popular Internet service?
5. Whom do you have to pay for sending e-mail messages?
Х. Перечислите все преимущества использования системы «Интернет».
XI. Назовите трудности c которыми может столкнуться пользователь всемирной компьютерной сети, прокомментируйте ту часть текста, где говорится об этом.
XII. Скажите, что нового Вы узнали о всемирной компьютерной сети «Интернет», прочитав этот текст.
Вариант 5
/. Прочитайте текст и найдите в нем как можно больше интернациональных слов, переведите их.