Лекция: Use a new paragraph to state why the study is being done.
Don't state it clumsily, for example:The reason for doing this study was… .
2. Instead, use signaling words and phrases to highlight the question:
However, it is not known whether… .
To answer this question (such-and-such) was investigated… .
To clarify the role of X in Y, we… .
To determine whether… .
(b) Summarize your approach (if appropriate). Having stated the research question, it may be appropriate to state how you set out to answer it. Mention the experimental method and the material or species. If appropriate, briefly state your results.
Verbs in the introduction are usually in the present tense for ongoing truths and others’ findings, but in the past tense for your own methods and findings in the research project.
(Based on “An outline of scientific writing” by Jen Tsi Yang, 1999).
VOCABULARY: WORDS AND PHRASES
1.1 General remarks (setting a goal):
an aim, goal, objective, purpose, subject, task; to aim, attempt, concentrate on, devote, intend; to examine, inquire, present, show, study, etc.
The chief/ general aim …
The central/ key/ ultimate goal …
The major/ primary task of this paper/ study is to investigate …
The present paper/ investigation goes (inquires) into/ focuses on/ deals with …
In this article/ section I aim to determine/ I attempt to explain/ I intend to give/ show/ develop/ provide …
I examine the nature of …
I have two goals in mind in writing this paper/
In writing this paper, I had three goals in mind.
1.2 Summary lead (краткое изложение содержания статьи):
The structure of the article is as follows. The first section reviews/ describes/ clarifies/ outlines/ sketches …. Section 2 portrays/ dwells on/ enlarges upon/ shows that …. Section 3 argues that …. The final section proposes/ summarizes/ spells out in (more) detail … .
In this article I review/ debate the problems (and advantages) of …, and argue that …. I claim/ demonstrate/ suggest that (insufficient attention has been paid to) …. In particular, it will be shown that … .
In this paper, I attempt to clarify the relation of … and …. To do so, I first present …. I then attempt to show that …. In conclusion … is considered.
This paper presents a new (complex/ algorithmic/ structural) approach to the study of …. The empirical results are described in Section 1. In Section 2, I will address/ discuss/ characterize/ comment on/ specify/ tackle …. Section 3 turns to …/ presents theoretical results. Section 4 concludes with a discussion of implications/ consequences of … .
This paper proposes a new methodological framework within which … can be studied. After analyzing the data, it is concluded that …. The results of the study are evaluated and assessed in the light of the problems of …. Additionally, … is examined.
(Based on Н.К. Рябцева, 2000).