Лекция: ГЛАВА 1. СТРУКТУРА И ФУНКЦИИ СИСТЕМЫ ИММУНИТЕТА
Course Name: Computer networks I (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 351
Teaching Year: Third
Teaching Semester: First
Prerequisites: CPS 131
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will gain knowledge in the facilities available for connecting the computer units together and thus reduce various costs
Course Details :
— Concept of networking
— Basic components of networking
— Hardware and software needs for networking
— Network domains
— Cables for connection (UTP)
— Data exchange via OSI
— Transport media, stacks, and addressing systems
— Types of networks
— High-speed network technology
— Local area networks (LAN) using peer-to peer method
— Authorities in networks
— Means of expanding networks
— Remote connection
— Expanding LAN to wide area network (WAN)
— Setting up WIN NT and it's requirements
— Applications of high-level networks and various standards
— Opening accounts and delegation of authorities for users
— Central and distributed processing using TCP/IP
— Network planning and acquisition
— Concepts and history of internet
— Basic uses of internet as applications of networks
References:
Course Name: Analysis and Design of Algorithms (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 361
Teaching Year: Third
Teaching Semester: First
Prerequisites: None
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will gain experience in how to analyze problems and find alternative solutions for the problem
Course Details :
— Problem definition
— Problem decomposition
— Analyzing problems
— What is Algorithm
— Tools used in designing algorithms
— Types of methods in solving problems
— Advantages and disadvantages of each method
— Preview of solutions
— Walkthrough in problem solving
— Applications of algorithms
— Arithmetical algorithms
— Sorting algorithms
— Searching algorithms
— Geometrical algorithms
— Text processing
— Planning algorithms
— Student has to prepare project to demonstrate understanding of the course contents.
References:
Course Name: Data bases systems (Advanced) (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 342
Teaching Year: Third
Teaching Semester: First
Prerequisites: CPS 244
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will be able to grasp advanced methods and techniques available for efficient programming using Oracle and developer
Course Details :
— Concepts of Data base management system
— Introduction to PL/SQL
— Introduction to applications with developer 2000
— Components of developer 2000
— Creation of tables and putting characteristics
— Applications of forms in developer 2000
— Reports production in developer 2000
— What is procedure builder
— Integration with developer 2000
— Adding characteristics to each component
— Preparation of project will be useful for student to practice use of the methods and techniques learnt
References:
Course Name: Analysis and Design of Information Systems(2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 344
Teaching Year: Third
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: None
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will be able to study systems, analyze the problems in the system, and put alternative solutions
Course Details :
— Concepts of system and it's components
— Main system and sub system
— Systems analyst and user
— Characteristics and responsibilities of systems analyst
— Information system life cycle
— Field visits, knowing the user, ways of justification
— Analysis phase, feasibility study and detailed study
— Ways of data gathering and fact finding
— Type of users and ways of dealing
— Detailed study, including output, processing, input, environment, and problems
— Design phase, what is to be done in this phase
— Tools used in analysis phase (pseudo code, flowcharting, and UML)
— Defining system requirements (hardware, software, environment, personnel… etc.)
— System development phase (concepts and components)
— Implementation phase (concepts, components, activities, and controls)
— Documentation Phase (concepts, types, and responsibilities)
— Student has to prepare a project demonstrating all the concepts learnt in the course
References:
Course Name: Computer Networks II (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 352
Teaching Year: Third
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: CPS 351
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will gain advanced understanding in networking
Course Details :
— General revision of Networking I (CPS 351)
— Advanced networking concepts
— Comprehensive analysis and design of networks
— Data communication techniques
— Network structure
— OSI models and protocols
— Routing techniques
— Congestion control
— Relation with telecommunication
— Types of telecommunication means available (Telephone, leased, microwave, satellite, and fiber optics)
— Advantages and disadvantages of each type of telecommunication mean
— Hardware requirements in complex networks
— Software requirements in complex networks
— Other considerations for smooth running of networks
— Examples of LAN, MAN, and WAN are to be demonstrated for students
— Suitable operating system such as NOVELL to be demonstrated
References:
Course Name: Technical Writing (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 362
Teaching Year: Third
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: None
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will be able to prepare technical reports in the proper academic style, regardless for computer purposes or others
Course Details :
— Concept of technical writing
— Types of technical reports
— Topic selection for writing
— Preliminary reading
— Sources of information
— Searching for sources to collect information
— Types of information sources
— Outlining
— Preparation of topics
— Evaluation of contents
— Note taking
— Ways for documenting information
— Drafting report (basic components)
— Discussion of draft report
— Preparation of final report (major components)
— Plagiarism and paraphrasing
— Chronological flow of ideas in the report
— Facts and testimonials
— Final decoration and report typing
— Student has to prepare technical report on a selected topic to demonstrate understanding of the course topics
References:
Course Name: Compilers and Interpreters (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 346
Teaching Year: Third
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: CPS 121
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will get familiar with various types of compilers and interpreters used in computers
Course Details :
— Concept of compilers and interpreters
— Working of each type
— Techniques for programming language translation
— Simple one-pass compiler
— Lexical analysis (token function and recognition)
— Syntax and semantics analysis
— Context-free grammar
— Top-down and bottom-up parsing
— Operator precedence parsing
— Treating ambiguous grammar
— Error recovery
— Source language and object language
— Method of work for interpreters
— Examples of programming languages depends on interpreters
— Dealing with the messages from interpreters
— Method of work for compilers
— Examples of programming languages depends on compilers
— Dealing with the messages from compilers
References:
Course Name: Operational Research (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 341
Teaching Year: Third
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: CR 222
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will gain more analytical concepts, which will help in developing the analytical capability when dealing with algorithms in programming
Course Details :
— Concepts of operational research
— Tools available to help better decisions
— Mathematical oriented techniques
— Mathematical modeling techniques
— Vectors
— Matrices
— Linear equations
— Cramer's Rule
— Linear programming
— Simplex algorithms
— Numerical methods
— Bolzano methods
— Monte Carlo Techniques
References:
Course Name: Web Development Programming (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 348
Teaching Year: Third
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: CPS 121,CPS 246
Objectives: At the end of the course, student must be able to develop application on web, using various way such as java script, HTML, and XML
Course Details :
— Concept of HTML and front page
— Structure of HTML and front page
— Flags and properties
— Text adding
— Backgrounds
— Working with browsers
— Advantages and disadvantages of HTML
— Boarders and tables
— Characteristics of HTML
— Forms and sites
— Security adding
— Use of front page with web databases
— Publications on web
— Components of XML
( data, remarks, processing instructions, entities)
— Defining DOCTYPE
— Uses of CSS and XSL
— Application of java script
— Data type and variable definition
— JS statements
— Arithmetical, logical and special operators
— Iteration and conditional commands
— Simple and nested looping
— Events
Student has to prepare web site application to demonstrate understanding the various concepts learnt in the course.
References:
Course Name: Programming languages ( 2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 421
Teaching Year: Forth
Teaching Semester: First
Prerequisites: CPS 121
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will know variety of programming languages available for use
Course Details :
— Concepts of programming languages
— History of languages development
— Types of languages, advantages and disadvantages
— Applications of various languages
— Constants and variables declaration
— Functions
— Arithmetical and logical operations
— Assignment statements
— Conditional and case statements
— Conditional and unconditional transfer of controls
— Iteration statements
— Types of arrays (declaration and uses)
— Sub programs
— Procedures and references
— Pointers
— Sets applications
— File declaration and processing
— Student has to prepare project demonstrating understanding of different type of languages and characteristics of each of them
References:
Course Name: Programming for Artificial Intelligence (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 441
Teaching Year: Forth
Teaching Semester: First
Prerequisites: CPS 121,CPS 241
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will learn a new programming technique, which deals with artificial intelligence
Course Details :
— Concept of artificial intelligence
— Applications of artificial intelligence on computers
— Reasoning and perceiving
— Decision making with computers
— Knowledge representation
— Search strategies
— Problem solving and planning
— Deduction and inference
— Understanding and production of natural language
— Cognitive modeling
— Image analysis
— Computer vision
— Game-playing
— Robotics
— Speech analysis and synthesis
— Automatic programming
— Expert systems
— Effectiveness and limitations of available techniques
— Predicate logic
References:
Course Name: Advanced Operating Systems (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 442
Teaching Year: Forth
Teaching Semester: First
Prerequisites: CPS 141
Objectives: At the end of the course, student must be able to understand, differentiate, and utilize the various type of options available with the operating systems
Course Details :
— Concept of operating systems
— Types of operating systems
— Networks and operating systems
— Operating systems and number of users
— Different type of operating systems (WIN NT, NOVELL, and UNIX)
— UNIX evolution and development
— Installing the software
— Main command in the software
— Idea of client server with UNIX
— Setting up UNIX
— Security options available in UNIX
— Files and user protection
— Advantages and disadvantages of UNIX
— Using of different commands in UNIX
— Running the commands
— Executable commands in UNIX
— Types of helps available
— Communication through UNIX
— Sending, receiving, and updating mails via UNIX
— Error messages
— UNIX versions
— Student has to connect several machines in a simple form using UNIX (and WIN NT and NOVELL, if possible)
References:
Course Name: Software Engineering (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 422
Teaching Year: Forth
Teaching Semester: First
Prerequisites: CPS 141
Objectives: At the end of the course, student must grasp the principles and standards to be adopted for designing or developing software at the industrial level
Course Details :
— Concepts of software engineering (SE)
— Development of SE
— Basic factors for development
— Ways and tools used in SE
— Lifecycle of software development
— Reasons for evolution of software industry
— Models for software development
— Applications of development models
— Types of models (concept, advantages and disadvantages)
— Project management and it's stages
— Metrics
— Software specifications and requirements
— Software requirement specifications
— Data flow diagram
— Structural analysis using DFD
— Software design (concepts, styles, and methodologies)
— Coding
— Software testing and maintenance
— Types and ways of testing
— Levels of testing
— Software maintenance (future considerations)
Student has to prepare application software demonstrating in it all the issues mentioned during the course implementation.
References:
Course Name: New Information Technologies (.NET) (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 444
Teaching Year: Forth
Teaching Semester: First
Prerequisites: CPS 121,CPS 142,CPS 348
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will grasp the new web development technologies using modern programming languages
Course Details :
— Concept of .NET and it's platform
— Framework
— Environment and uses of CLR
— .NET programming
— Programming models
— Basic characteristics
— Components of .NET
— Data and XML
— Architecture of ADO.NET and benefits
— Web site services
— Web forms (ASP and ASP.NET)
— WINDOWS forms
— WINDOWS forms and web services
— .NET languages
— Data types
— The usual tools in .NET
(al.exe, gacutil.exe, ilasm.exe, ildosm.exe, cl.exe, csc.exe, vbc.exe, xsd.exe)
Student has to prepare project on web site application to prove understanding the concepts of the course.
References:
Course Name: Data and Computer Security (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 446
Teaching Year: Forth
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: None
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will be aware of various threats in different aspects of computer environment
Course Details :
— Concept of computer and data security
— Security problems
— Importance of data and information
— Organizational relationship with security
— Nature of computer security
— Security functions
— Security and law
— Identification and valuation of assets
— Identification of threats
— Risk assessments
— Safeguard identification and implementation
— Hardware security in computers
— Software security in computers
— Biometric security in computers
— Security in personal computers
— Network management and security
— Potential threats in networks
— Levels of security
— Encryption and decryption
References:
Course Name: Programming with C # (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 448
Teaching Year: Forth
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: CPS 241
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will come familiar with other different type of programming in the object oriented environment
Course Details :
— C # goals
— Compiler and other resources
— Object oriented basics
— The >NET runtime environment
— Quick start
— Exception handling
— Classes
— Base class and inheritance
— Classes member accessibility
— Other class stuffs
— Value types
— Interfaces
— Statement and flow of execution
— Local variable scoping
— Operators
— Conversions
— Arrays
— Strings, text, and events
— Properties
— Other programming issues
— Working with .NET framework
— Future of C #
References:
Course Name: Data Communication Technology (2-2-3)
Course No.: CPS 451
Teaching Year: Forth
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: CPS 352
Objectives: At the end of the course, student will understand the close relationship between computers, networks, and the communication means
Course Details :
Concept data communication
— Basic relation between computer, networks, and communication mean
— Remote access to computers
— Network architecture and topology
— Communication protocols and interfaces
— Functional layers
— Transmission facilities and communication equipments
— Line utilization
— Switching
— Error handling
— Standard protocols
— Network interfaces including routing and flow control
— Broadcasting
— Local networks theory
— High level protocols
— LAN and bridges
— Congestion on networks
— Means of communication: telephone line, leased line, microwave, satellite, and fiber optics
— Network security and management
References:
Course Name: Graduation Project (2-0-2)
Course No.: CPS 461
Teaching Year: Forth
Teaching Semester: Second
Prerequisites: Completion of all courses
Objectives: At this stage, student must be able to develop sophisticated enough project, demonstrating all/most of the concepts learnt through out the four years.
Course Details :
— Topic selection for the information system to be developed
— Forming work group
— Explanation of requirements
— Authorities and responsibilities in the work group
— Supervisor advices for the group
— Starting analysis work
— Design of the information system according to the principles and standard studied
— Design of menus
— Developing the software
— Preparation of system document
— Creation of databases with all requirements
— Developing interfaces using selected programming language
— Submission of the information system software and documentation in hard copy and on CD
— Demonstration of the software in presence of evaluation members
— Evaluation is conducted in presence of all group members and individually.
ГЛАВА 1. СТРУКТУРА И ФУНКЦИИ СИСТЕМЫ ИММУНИТЕТА
Система иммунитета (СИ) – это совокупность молекул, клеток, тканей и органов, осуществляющих иммунные реакции. Она включает несколько самостоятельных подсистем, которые реагируют как единое целое:
1. Лимфоидная система включает Т- и В-лимфоциты, которые образуют специфические факторы иммунитета (антитела и Т-клеточные рецепторы к антигену).
2. Система естественные киллерных клеток (ЕКК).
3. Система антигенпредставляющих клеток (АПК) включает дендритные клетки, клетки Лангерганса, интердигитирующие клетки и др.
4. Система гранулоцитов объединяет нейтрофильные лейкоциты, базофильные лейкоциты/тучные клетки, эозинофильные лейкоциты.
5. Система мононуклеарных фагоцитов (моноциты, макрофаги тканей и органов).
6. Гуморальные факторы неспецифического естественного иммунитета: лизоцим, С-реактивный белок (СРБ), интерфероны, фибронектин, β-лизины, лектины и др.
7. Система комплемента.
8. Система тромбоцитов
К центральным органам системы иммунитета относятся красный костный мозг и тимус. К периферическим– циркулирующие лимфоциты крови, лимфатические узлы, селезенка, миндалины, лимфоидная ткань кишечника (пейеровы бляшки, солитарные фолликулы, лимфоидные образования аппендикса и др.), бронхоассоциированная лимфоидная ткань (в области бифуркации трахеи), лимфоидные образования кожи, печени.
Обозначение системы иммунитета понятием «иммунная система» не совсем точно, так как она становится «иммунной» (невосприимчивой) после стимуляции конкретным антигеном. Лимфоидная система, хотя и образует специфические факторы иммунитета, без других систем не может осуществлять иммунитет.
Все системы, кроме лимфоидной, принимают участие в реакциях иммунитета относительно неспецифично. Они выполняют множество различных функций, причем не только иммунитетных. Физиологическая роль СИ не ограничивается созданием иммунитета, она участвует в регуляции метаболизма, пролиферации клеток и регенерации тканей, в поддержании физиологического гомеостаза организма. Функции СИ регулируются нервной и эндокринной системами организма. С другой стороны, клетки СИ, секретируя биологически активные вещества, влияют на функции этих систем. Кроме того, факторы естественного иммунитета могут выделяться разными клетками организма, например, С-реактивный белок – гепатоцитами, цитокины – фибробластами и клетками эпителия и т.д. Неиммунитетные функции СИ и «иммунитетные» реакции различных систем и органов недостаточно изучены, но уже ясно, что они тесно взаимосвязаны и опосредуются цитокинами.
Иммунология – это наука, изучающая реакции системы иммунитета организма в ответ на нарушения постоянства его внутренней среды.
Предложенные иммунологией методы иммунодиагностики, иммунотерапии и иммунореабилитации эффективны при подавляющем большинстве заболеваний: в терапии, хирургии, акушерстве-гинекологии, педиатрии, клинике нервных болезней, глазных и ЛОР-болезней, психиатрии.
На молекулярном уровне центральными понятиями иммунологии являются антигены, антитела, рецепторы и цитокины.
¨ Антигены– любые вещества, чаще белки или гликопротеиды, которые, попадая в организм, вызывают образование специфических антител и/или Т-клеточных рецепторов.
¨ Антитела– белковые молекулы, иммуноглобулины, которые образуются В-лимфоцитами и плазмоцитами и специфично взаимодействуют с антигенами.
¨ Рецепторы– макромолекулы на клетках, специфически связывающие различные биологически активные вещества (лиганды).
¨ Цитокины– медиаторы межклеточных взаимодействий, обеспечивающие взаимосвязь клеток как внутри системы иммунитета, так и их многочисленные связи с другими системами макроорганизма.